Anatomy and Physiology I Ch 13
Cochlea
Bony spiral canal, sense organ for hearing
Cerumen
Earwax, prevents foreign objects from coming into ear
Produced by hydrogen ions (H+) released from acids, for example, lemons are sour due to containing citric acid
Sour taste
Compare what happens to the lens when you need to view an object far away to when you need to view an object up-close
When an object is far away, the lens stretches and becomes thinner. When the object is closer, the lens become more rounded.
The vascular coat of the eyeball is called:
choroid
Olfactory glands
produce mucus that moistens the surface of olfactory epithelium and dissolves odorants so that transduction can occur.
Which structure separates the external auditory canal form the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
Caused by a wide variety of substances; aversion to this taste serves as a protection against ingesting harmful substances.
Bitter taste
External auditory canal
Curved tube that takes sound waves from auricle to tympanic membrane
Olfactory bulbs
The olfactory nerves extend to parts of the brain known as the
What is the function of these ossicles?
Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane towards round window.
External ear
collects sound waves and channels them inwards
The scientific term for "blind spot" is:
optic disc
The receptors that get adapted over the course of time, and provide information on the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus are termed:
tonic receptors
Olfactory glands function to:
transduce chemical information into action potentials
Tympanic membrane
Also known as eardrum.
Odorants
Are chemicals that bind toad stimulate the receptors in the olfactory cilia.
Olfactory receptor
Cells are sensory neurons that respond to olfactory stimuli; olfactory transduction occurs in the cilia that extend from their dendrites; cilia contain olfactory receptor proteins that detect inhaled odorants.
Basal
Cells are stem cells that continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells, which live for only about two months before being replaced.
Supporting
Cells provide physical support to the olfactory receptor cells and help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium.
Middle Ear
Conveys sound vibrations to the oval window
When traveling in a plane we often experience "popping" in our ears. The pressure causes an uncomfortable feeling that can be relieved by yawning. Explain why this occurs and indicate what region of the ear undergoes this experience.
Due to connection of external auditory tube to eustachian tube. Yawning releases pressure, which in turn relieves pain; Middle ear
Inner ear
Houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium
What are the three ossicles? Place them in order from the outer most to the inner most.
Malleus, incus, stapes
Eardrum
Receives sound waves and transmits to middle ear
Caused by the presence of sodium ions (Na+) in food, most commonly found as NaCl (table salt).
Salty taste
Vestibule and semicircular canals
Sense organ for equilibrium
Auricle
Skin covered flap of cartilage that collects sound waves and directs them to the external auditory canal
Elicited by sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose and artificial sugars.
Sweet taste
Described as "meaty" or "savory" and is elicited by amino acids (especially glutamate) that are present in food
Umami taste
Match the four events involved in the process of sensation using the figure below.
box A - Sensory input is integrated in CNS Box B - Stimulus is transduced Box C - Stimulation of sensory receptor Box D - Action potentials are generated
The area of the eye with the greatest visual acuity (sharpest vision) is the:
fovea centralis
The larger the receptive field, the __________ it is to localize the stimulus.
more difficult
Olfactory; CNI
nerves, which is cranial nerve
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by:
nociceptors
Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli?
nociceptors
The receptors of olfaction are found in the:
olfactory epithelium