Anatomy and Physiology I Ch 3

Choose the best answers with regards to the hypodermis. LO7

- Contains large amounts of: Large blood vessels - It serves to deposit: adipose tissue - Forms tough pads for shock absorption in the: Soles of feet and palms of hands - Presence of this nerve cell: Pacinian corpuscle - Helps delay heat loss from body by: insulation -Another term for hypodermis is: subcutaneous layer

The epidermis is responsible for tissue strength. LO2

False

The integumentary system consists of the skin and the dermis. LO2

False

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin? Quiz

Stratum lucidum

The skin is made of stratified squamous epithelium. LO2

True

The pale crescent found in nails by the root is called:

lunula

Changes in skin color can tell you a lot about an individual. Of the characteristics listed below, what colored skin would you expect to see on individuals that present these conditions or situations. LO5

- Orange: Indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating a lot of carrots. - Blue: Indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content. - Brown: Indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes. - Red: Is a result of blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of epidermis.

List all cells that you would find in each cell layer listed below. LO3

- Stratum basale: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells - Stratum spinosum: Keratinocytes and Langerhan cells - Stratum granulosum: Keratinocytes only - Stratum lucidum: keratinocytes only - Stratum corneum: Just keratinocytes

Match the correct answer for each of the functions below. LO1

- Temperature control occurs by controlling: Blood flow - Small amounts of waste products are excreted through: skin and glands - Sensory receptors in the integumentary system detect all, except: sweat - Controlling the activity of the glands leads to: temperature regulation - This structure reduces the negative and harmful effects of ultraviolet light.: skin - The skin prevents dehydration by reducing: Water loss This structure prevents microorganisms from entering the body.: skin - This hormone, which is produced by the skin after sunlight exposure, will be an important calcium homeostasis regulator.: vitamin D

Check the organs that belong to the integumentary system. (more than one all can apply) LO1

-Nails -Glands -Hair -Skin

Place the layers of thin epidermis on RIGHT column in order in which they appear, starting with the most superficial layer.

1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum spinosum 4. Stratum basale

Place the layers of thick epidermis on RIGHT column in order in which they appear, starting with the most superficial layer.

1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale

Choose the best answer below with regards to the characteristics of the dermis. LO6

1. The dermis in made up of these cell layers. (place them in order, with the first one being closer to the surface) - papillary and reticular 2. This layer of the dermis in located on the bottom layer and it is the thickest of the dermal layers. - Reticular 3. The fact that the dermis has great tensile, means that it has these characteristics. - it is resistant to pulling or stretching forces 4. These cells are part of the wandering cells of the dermis. - macrophanges, eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells 5. These structures present in the dermis are essential for the survival of the epidermis. - blood vessels 6. This layer of the dermis in located on the top of the dermis and it is the thinnest of the dermal layers. - papillary 7. These sensory receptors initiate signals that produce sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling and itching. - free nerve endings 8. The reticular layer has bundles of this thick fiber to help the skin resist stretching. - collagen fibers 9. This dermal layer is attached to the hypodermis. - reticular layer 10. The surface of the papillary layer of the dermis has these fingerlike structures that projects into the 11. This cell is the predominant fixed cell of the dermis. - fibroblasts 12. bottom surface of the epidermis. - dermal papillae 13. The number of dermal papillae are greater in this skin type. - thick skin 14. The dermis has this many cell layers in thick skin. - 2 15. The dermis has this many cell layers in thin skin. - 4 16. These are the sensory receptors located in the dermal papillae are important for touch perception. - Meissener's corpuscle

For each true statement, select answer choice "true". For each false statement, correct the underlined word(s) by choosing the correct option. LO8

1. The nail bed is the skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium. - True 2. The most abundant protein in dead epidermal structures such as hair and nails is melanin. - keratin 3. The cuticle of the hair, forms the major part of the shaft and consists of elongated cells that contain pigmentation. - Cortex 4. Sebum is an oily mixture of lipids, cholesterol, and cell fragments. - True 5. The externally observable part of a hair is called the root. - shaft 6. A saltwater solution is secreted by sebaceous glands. - sweat glands 7. The nail body or plate is the visible part of the nail that is compared to the stratum corneum. - True

Choose the correct physiological method for the statements below. LO9

1. This process will be regulated by the liberation of sweat. - thermoregulation 2. Within the physiological processes of protection, the presence of these structures will secrete a substance that will prevent the skin from drying and also eliminate bacteria. - sebaceous glands 3. This physiological property will allow the removal of water and small amounts of salts, carbon dioxide, ammonia and urea from our bodies. - excretion 4. This physiological component is due to the high numbers of blood vessels present in the dermis. - blood reservoir 5. This physiological property allows us to use medicinal patches as a way of bringing medication into our bodies to treat certain diseases. - absorption 6. Within the physiological processes of protection, the presence of this substance will protect the skin from dehydration due to its presence causing an inhibition of water evaporation. - lipids 7. Within the physiological processes of protection, this substance protects the body due to cellularity of keratinocytes. - keratin 8. Within the physiological processes of protection, the secretion of this substance by melanocytes will help to shield the skin against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. - melanin 9. Within the physiological processes of protection, the presence of these structures will secrete a substance that will prevent the growth of microbes due to its acidity. - sweat glands 10. This process will be regulated by adjusting dermal blood flow. - thermoregulation 11. This physiological process in important to make our body aware of our environment. - cutaneous sensations 12. This physiological processes is important for calcium absorption. - synthesis of vitamin D 13. Within the physiological processes of protection, the presence of this cell type is important to alert our body to the presence of microbial invaders or pathogens. - macrophages

For each characteristic below, choose to which disease they belong to. LO5

Albinism - Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin - Melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin - Vision problems - Normal amounts of melanocytes - Vitiligo - Partial or complete loss of melanocytes - Formation of skin patches - Loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes

The skin consists of the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. LO2

False

This exercise examines the relative importance of three pigments in determining skin color. Indicate which pigment is identified by the following descriptions. LO5

Melanin - Most responsible for the skin color of dark-skinned individuals - Provides natural sunscreen. - Phagocytized by keratinocytes. Carotene - Provides an orange appearance to the skin. - Found predominantly in the stratum corneum. Hemoglobin - Found within red blood cells in blood vessels. - Most responsible for the skin color of light-skinned (Caucasian) individuals, especially after intense exercising.

Complete the following table relating to body membranes. Enter your answers in the areas left blank. LO2

Mucos - Tissue Type: Epithelial sheet on top of connective tissue called lamina propria - Location: Lines respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproduction tracts - Function: protection, lubrication, secretion and absorption Serous - Tissue Type: Layer of simple squamous epithelial resting on a fine layer of connective tissue - Location: Lines internal ventral body cavities and covers their organs - Function: Produces lubricating fluid that reduces friction Cutaneous - Tissue Type: Epithelial epidermis and connective tissue dermis - Location: Covers the body exterior - Function: Protection from external abrasion and water loss Synovial - Tissue Type: Composed entirely of connective tissue - Location: Lines cavities of synovial joints - Function: Produces lubricating fluid that reduces friction within joint cavity

For each characteristic below, choose the epidermal layer that it belongs to. LO3

Stratum corneum - Cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata. - Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this layer, that results in the formation of a callus. - Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. - Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes. Stratum spinosum - Arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes. - Live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination. - Appear to be covered with thornlike spines. - Presence of melanocytes projections in every individual independent of skin color. Stratum granulosum - Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis. - Composed of 3-5 cell layers. - Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion. - Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin. Stratum lucidum - Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles. - Consists of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin. Stratum basale - Also referred to as stratum germinativum. - Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments. - Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

The hypodermis consists of adipose and areolar connective tissues. LO2

True

Which layer of the skin contains loose connective tissue and stores body fat? Quiz

hypodermis

Which part of the nail does dirt get trapped? Quiz

hyponychium

Which is the last layer of skin in which the cells are still living? Quiz

stratum granulosum