test
The flow of ____ and the cycling of ____ maintain nature's organization.
energy; materials
A protein inside cells that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is a(n) ____.
enzyme
Critical thinking refers to ____.
evaluating information before accepting it
Science is based on ____.
evidence
In a Punnett square, the letters within the little boxes represent ____.
offspring genotypes
In the human genome, there are about how many genes?
21,000
If C is dominant to c, what fraction of offspring will show the dominant phenotype when two heterozygous parents are crossed?
3/4
Covalent bonds ____.
are extremely strong and stable
A female diploid cell has which sex chromosome combination?
XX
"Vertebrates" refers to animals that possess ____.
a backbone
A free radical takes what particle from a stable molecule?
an electron
The wide-ranging effect of a single gene is called ____.
pleiotropy
Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of two water molecules?
hydrogen
In which condition is the mosaic tissue pattern of females easily observed?
incontinentia pigmenti
What explains why even close relatives have a varied mix of genetic traits?
independent assortment
Plants store large amounts of carbohydrates in the form of ____.
starch
Energy flows into the biosphere from ____.
the sun
Which form of organization is classified between cell and organ?
tissue
A substance that gives up an electron to a free radical is a(n) ____.
antioxidant
When producing a karyotype, homologous pairs of chromosomes ____.
are aligned horizontally by their centromeres
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The closer together genes are found on a chromosome, the greater the chance that crossing over will occur between them.
A male diploid cell has which sex chromosome combination?
XY
The interconnection of living things is known as ____.
an ecosystem
What explains why two genes have a high percentage of ending up in the same gamete?
linkage
Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of atoms within a water molecule?
polar covalent
An acid is a substance that donates a(n) ____.
proton
The observable genetic traits of an individual refers to his or her ____.
phenotype
A graphic tool used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses is the ____.
Punnett square
Which statement is true of electron shells?
The innermost shell can hold up to two electrons.
During a hydrolysis reaction, ____.
bonds are broken
Karyotype analysis ____.
can be used in prenatal diagnosis to detect chromosomal mutations and genetic disorders in embryos.
A unit of DNA that directs the building of a protein is the ____.
gene
Animals store carbohydrates in the form of ____.
glycogen
A person who inherited the allele combination Aa is ____.
heterozygous
The pancreas is an organ that regulates blood glucose levels. When glucose levels rise above normal, the pancreas releases insulin to lower blood glucose levels. This is an example of ____.
homeostasis
Which feature of life is the ability to maintain a stable internal state?
homeostasis
A person who inherited the allele combination AA is ____.
homozygous dominant
Chromosomes are most easily identified in which mitotic stage?
metaphase
The bonding of two or more atoms creates a(n) ____.
molecule
When an atom's outer electron shell is filled, the atom is ____.
most stable
The atomic number denotes the number of ____ in an atom of a particular element.
protons
If red flowers (R) is dominant over white flowers (r), plants with Rr are ____.
red flowers
A systematic way of obtaining knowledge about the natural world is ____.
science
A carrier for a genetic disorder ____.
shows no symptoms
A dissolved substance in water is a(n)____.
solute
All of the alleles in an individual are known as ____.
the genotype
Which evolutionary descriptive term is common to both fish and humans?
vertebrates
In terms of classification, humans belong to which domain?
Eukarya
What makes water a good solvent?
It dissolves ions and polar molecules.
Which of the following is NOT true concerning homologous chromosomes?
The number of homologous chromosomes is doubled in each generation.
How do hydrophilic molecules interact with water?
They are attracted to water.
A buildup of H+ in the blood will lead to ____.
acidosis
If tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced?
all tall
The control in an experiment ____.
allows a standard of comparison for the experimental group
Isotopes of an element are different from the most common standard form due to differences in the ____.
number of neutrons in the nucleus
The first step of the scientific method is to ____.
observe a natural event
A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen is ____.
organic
Which is the correct order of progression?
organism → population → community → ecosystem
A detailed analysis that tracks several generations of a family history is a ____.
pedigree
Homeostasis refers to ____.
the maintenance of a constant internal state
After many years of testing, a hypothesis becomes accepted as a ____.
theory
An ion is formed ____.
when atoms exchange electrons
If red flowers (R) is dominant over white flowers (r), plants with rr are ____.
white flowers
A parent with a genotype of AA will produce gametes ____.
with A
If C is dominant to c, what fraction of offspring will be homozygous dominant when two heterozygous parents are crossed?
1/4
If a pregnancy has a 1/4 chance of producing a child with a genetic disorder, what are the odds that the next child will also be born with the same disorder?
1/4
A diploid cell has how many versions of each allele?
2
If C is dominant to c, what fraction of offspring will be homozygous when two heterozygous parents are crossed?
2/4
Single-celled organisms are common to which domain?
Bacteria
An inactivated X chromosome is called a ____.
Barr body
From which molecule do organisms receive instructions to reproduce and grow?
DNA
Sex-influenced traits are influenced by the presence of ____.
both estrogen and testosterone
Which of the following is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen?
carbohydrate
The basic unit of life is the ____.
cell
A change over time" is the definition of ____.
evolution
Each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as ____ other atoms.
four
The building block of large carbohydrates is ____.
glucose
Which element is NOT one of the four most common elements found in organisms?
helium
If two copies of a gene are different alleles, the condition is referred to as ____.
heterozygous
If two copies of a gene are identical alleles, the condition is referred to as ____.
homozygous