Anatomy and Physiology I Ch 4

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, how will the mass of the bone be affected?

the bone would have a decreased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be weaker.

Match the terms below with the correct definition. LO10

- Coagulation: Without adequate calcium, blood has difficulty performing this process - Calcium: this chemical element that cannot be produced by any biological processes - Hypocalcemia: condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium - Bones: this body structure acts to store calcium - Hypercalcemia: condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium -body deposits calcium in the bones when blood levels are too: High - body releases calcium when blood levels are too: Low - calcium homeostasis is regulated by: Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin - parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of: Osteoclasts - calcitonin stimulates the activity of: Osteoblasts

Match the correct bone fracture type to each definition. LO9

- Impacted fracture: one end of the fracture bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other - Colles fracture: fracture of the radius - Transverse fracture: occurs straight across the long axis of the bone - Open fracture: broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin - Oblique fracture: occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees - Closed fracture: broken ends of the bone do not protrude through the skin - Greenstick fracture: partial fracture where only one side of the bone is fractured - Comminuted fracture: bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at impact site - Pott's fracture: fracture of the fibular with serious implications of the ankle joint - Spiral fracture: twisting motion that pulls bone apart

Place the following steps of bone growth in thickness in the correct order. LO6

- Step 1: periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts - Step 2: osteoblasts become surrounded by extracellular matrix and develop into osteocytes - Step 3: formation of bone ridges on either side of the periosteal blood vessel - Step 4: transformation of bone ridges into grooves to accommodate periosteal blood vessel - Step 5: transformation of bone grooves into tunnels to accommodate periosteal blood vessel - Step 6: periosteum becomes endosteum lining the tunnel - Step 7: formation of new concentric lamellae - Step 8: formation of new osteon - Step 9: osteoblasts deposit new circumferential lamellae

Classify the statements below according to their correct function. LO1

- muscles attached to bones pull bones: facilitates movement - presence of lipids in yellow bone marrow: stores and releases triglycerides - serves as framework for supporting soft tissues: body support - stores substances that contributes to bone strength: stores and relases minerals - presence of red bone marrow in medullary cavity: site of blood cell production - creates cavities that will house important organs: protection of internal organs

Match type of bone on LEFT column with bone example on RIGHT column. LO4

- Clavicle: long bone - Ribs: Flat bone (considered one because of the very thin layer of spongy bone between the 2 plates of compact bone) - Patella: sesamoid bone - Ethmoid: pnneumatized bone - Os coxa: flat and irregular - Vertebrae: irregular - Carpals: shorts - Tarsals: short and irregular

Match the terms on LEFT column to the definitions on RIGHT column. LO3

- Osteon: Functional unit of compact bone: Osteon - Lamella: Concentric sheets of bone in osteons: Lamella - Central canal: The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow onto bone tissue - Periosteum: The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside bone - Endosteum: The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick) - Medullary cavity: The space inside bone that houses bone marrow - Cortical bone: Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/denser. Has osteons -Trabecular bone: Type of bone with many spaces. Lighter, organized into trabeculae

Match cell function on LEFT column with cells on RIGHT column. LO3

- Osteoprogenitor cells: become osteoblasts - Osteoblasts: transform into osteocytes - Osteocytes: mature bone cell - Osteoclasts: functions in bone resorption

Match the terms on LEFT column to the definitions on RIGHT column. LO4

- Periosteum: The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of the bone - Endosteum: The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick) - Medullary cavity: The space inside bone that houses bone marrow. - Diaphysis: The elongated shaft/body of a long bone - Metaphysis: The widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth - Epiphysis: The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones. - Epiphyseal line: The area of bone where the epiphysis plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilage, in maturity it

Match the correct definition for each bone type. LO4

- Sutural bones: present between cranial sutures - Long bones: bones that have greater length than width - Flat bones: composed of parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone - Pneumatized bones: present of pockets - Short bones: nearly equal in length, width, and depth - Sesamoid bones: Develop inside tendons - Irregular Bones: have complex shapes and vary in the amount of spongy and compact bones

For each statement below that is true, select "true" from the answer choices. For false statements, correct the underlined word(s) by selecting the correct word(s) from the answer choice. LO5

1. When a bone forms directly within the mesenchyme, the process is called - intramembranous ossification 2. When trapped in lacunae, osteoblasts become osteocytes. - True 3. Large numbers of - osteoblasts are found in the periosteum, which develops compact bone. 4. -Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of a long bone. 5. Epiphyseal plates are made of - hyaline cartilage 6. In appositional growth in long bone results in an increase in bone length. - Interstitial 7. Once the perichondrium starts to form bone, it is known as periosteum - True 8. Endochondral ossification occurs in - long bones 9. During intramembranous ossification, the trabeculae will fuse to form compact bone. - True 10. The cartilage model produced by chondroblasts during endochondral ossification will be the site for the future epiphyses - True

Choose the best answer for the following sentences. LO2 pt2

8. These cells are involved in interstitial growth: chondrocytes 9. The blood vessels that supply nutrients to the chondrocytes are present in the: perichondrium and not in the - matrix 10. In this type of cartilage growth, cells in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in between existing cells. - interstitial growth 11. The type of cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones is called: articular cartilage 12. These cells are involved in appositional growth: chondroblasts 13. This cartilage is the one associated with bones: hyaline cartilage 14. In this type of cartilage growth, cells in the perichondrium will add new cartilage to the outside of the existing cartilage. - appositional growth

________ is a type of dense connective tissue that is often found in joints to reduce friction. _________ is a type of fibrous connective tissue which attaches a bone to another bone.

Cartilage; ligament

When a fracture is not given the correct medical treatment and therefore does not heal properly, bone formation begins to form at the area of fracture. What cell contributes to this bone formation:

Osteoblast

Estrogen is a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium. When a woman reaches menopause, the production of estrogen is greatly reduced. Mary recently reached menopausal age and was advised to take a calcium supplement to reduce her risk of Osteoporosis. How can a menopause affect Mary's bones? Quiz

Osteoclasts will begin to break down calcium stored within the bone which can cause osteoporosis

Choose the correct phase during bone fracture repair for the steps below. LO9

Reactive phase - Formation of blood clot near injury site. - Death of bone cells near injury site. - Initiation of inflammatory process with swelling. - Torn blood vessels cross the fracture line. - Debris removal from injury site by neutrophils, macrophages and osteoclasts. Reparative phase - Fibroblasts invade site of injury to produce collagen fibers. - Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus. - Fibrocartilage converted into spongy bone. - Production of fibrocartilage from chondroblasts. - Formation of bony callus. Bone remodeling phase - Deposition of new calcium and phosphorus for hardening of new bone. - Spongy bone gets replaced by compact bone.

Which bone is NOT a flat bone?

Ribs, sternum, and scapula are all considered flat bones so answer is: - Clavicle

Identify the correct growth zone in the metaphysis. LO6

Zone of resting cartilage - Cells located in this zone anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. - Layer nearest to the epiphysis. - Cells located in this zone do not function in bone growth. Zone of proliferating cartilage - Chondrocytes in this zone will undergo interstitial growth. - Chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace dying cells of epiphyseal plate that face diaphysis. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - This zone contains large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns. Zone of calcified cartilage - Final zone of bone growth. - In this zone occurs the process of endochondral ossification. - This zone will become the new diaphysis. - Presence of mostly dead chondrocytes. - Invasion of osteoblasts and capillaries from diaphysis.

Match the terms below with the correct definition. LO7

- Bone resorption: removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts - Bone deposition: addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts - Bone remodeling: ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Match cell function on RIGHT column with cells on LEFT column. LO3

- Cell that degrades bone: Osteoclast - Cell that deposits/build bone: Osteoblast -Cell that maintains living bone tissue: Osteocyte - Bone stem cells: osteoprogenitor cells

Match bone markings on LEFT column with definition on RIGHT column. LO8

- Fissure: Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass - Foramen: Rounded opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass - Fossa: Shallow depression - Sulcus: Groove along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon - Condyle: Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone - Facet: Smooth, flat articular surface - Head: Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone - Tuberosity: Rough projection - Crest: Prominent ridge - Spinous process: Sharp, slender projection

Place the endochondral ossification events listed on RIGHT column in the order in which they occur. LO5

1. Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model 2. Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes and formation of bone collar 3. Development of primary ossification center: in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage 4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity. 5. Development of secondary ossification centers: these occur in the epiphyses of the bone 6. Formation of epiphyseal plate between diaphysis and epiphyses 7. Closure of epiphyseal plate and formation of epiphyseal line.

Choose the best answer for the following sentences. LO2 pt1

1. The three types of cartilages are: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilages 2. This compound, present in cartilage, makes the cartilage resilient by trapping water. - proteoglycans 3. The protective layer that covers the cartilage is called: perichondrium 4. The cells that produce cartilage matrix is: chondroblasts 5. The mature cells of a cartilage are called: chondrocytes 6. The matrix of the hyaline cartilage will be formed by these fibers: collagen 7. Chondrocytes are present inside these spaces that are called: lacunae

Complete the sentences below using the provided terms. LO1

1. This mineral is the most abundant in bones. - calcium 2. These fibers are present in red bone marrow. - reticular fibers 3. The cranial bones will serve as protection site for this organ. - brain 4. This connective tissue is the site for a potential chemical energy reserve. - yellow bone marrow 5. The vertebral canal will serve as protection site for this structure. - spinal cord 6. Production of blood cells occurs in this connective tissue. - red bone marrow 7. The bones will provide an attachment point for these structures. - muscle tendons 8. Muscles need to undergo this process to be able to pull on bones and produce movement. - contraction 9. This term is used to describe the process for production of blood cells. - hemopoiesis 10. The rib cage will serve as protection site for these organs. - heart and lungs

Place the intramembranous ossification events listed on RIGHT column in the order in which they occur. LO5

1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, which then differentiate into osteoblasts 2. organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts 3. calcification of extracellular matrix forming ossification center 4. extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that come together to form spongy bone 5. formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme 6. osteoblasts from periosteum deposit compact bone between periosteum and spongy bone

Identify each bone feature below according to their correct subdivisions. LO8

Bone opening - fissure - Foramen - Meatus Bone depression - Fossa - Sulcus Projections on bone that form joints - Condyle - Head - Facet Projections for ligament and tendon attachment - Crest - Tubercle - Trochanter - Line - Spinous process - Tuberosity - Epicondyle

When calcium levels in the blood fall below homeostasis, which bone cells act to raise calcium levels and through what mechanism? Quiz

osteoclast; resorption