Anatomy & Physiology I Exam 1 Study

The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution.

True

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

True

Electrons

are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms.

A buffer will

resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.

A symporter will transport _________ across the plasma membrane.

two different ions or molecules in the same direction

Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order.

1. A receptor monitors a variable. 2. Information about the variable is sent to the control center. 3. The control center evaluates the value of the variable compared to the set point. 4. If necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond. 5. The effector produces a response that maintains homeostasis.

An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have _________

20 neutrons

Mole

A certain quantity of atoms; Avogadro's number

Decomposition

A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more products.

Synthesis

A new product is chemically created from two or more reactants.

Which of the following is a proton donor?

An acid

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

Synthesis reaction

Dehydration

Water is a product in this reaction.

Dehydration

What characteristic of life represents the ability to change from "general" to "specific"?

Differentiation (related to Development)

Which tissue type forms glands?

Epithelial

Atomic number

Equal to the number of protons in each atom

Mass number

Equal to the number of protons and neutrons in each atom

A double covalent bond is the result of two atoms sharing two electrons.

False

Covalent bonds are formed when two or more atoms share protons

False

Homeostasis is defined as "the process through which a perfectly stable internal and external environments are maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at reasonable efficiency".

False

Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic.

False

The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution.

False

Blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating in blood?

Glucose

In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?

H+ will increase.

Decomposition reaction

Hydrolysis

Water is used to split a compound into two parts.

Hydrolysis

Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false?

In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point.

________ form a protective padding around our internal organs to prevent damage, and they act as insulation to keep us warm. If glucose levels are low, they also provide an alternative storage of energy.

Lipids

Which type of tissue is contractile?

Muscle tissue

Which of the following statements regarding negative feedback is false?

Negative feedback means that any deviation from the set point is further amplified to maintain homeostasis.

Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?

Organ system

In the feedback system, which component monitors the value of a variable?

Receptor

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?

Secretion and absorption of molecules

Equilibrium

The amount of products relative to the amount of reactants remains constant.

Atomic mass

The average mass of an element's various isotopes

Reversible

The reaction can proceed from product to reactants or reactants to product

Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?

They always remain at a fixed value.

A nonpolar covalent bond means that electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

True

A polar covalent bond means that one nucleus is attracting the electrons more than the other.

True

A single covalent bond means that two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons.

True

Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

True

Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline).

True

Isotope

Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons

In relation to the feedback mechanisms in homeostasis, please choose the CORRECT option:

When physiological, a positive feedback will always be followed by a negative feedback.

An organ is

a structure composed of several tissue types.

The primary structure of a protein is also known as the __________ ___________sequence.

amino acid

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease.

Made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life, ______________ _________________is a requirement of all living things.

cellular composition

Information about the variable is sent to the __________ ___________ , which compares the value of the variable to the _____ ______________ .

control center, set point

Characterized by both differentiation and growth, _________________ is the characteristic of life that explains increased size and functional complexity.

development

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions

dissociate or separate from one another.

The tertiary structure results in the shape of a ___________.

domain

If a response is necessary, a/an ____________ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis.

effector

Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as _________

electrolytes

In ionic bonding,

electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Species of life will all demonstrate ______________ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success with the environment.

evolution

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of _________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of _________.

growth; differentiation

In interacting with their respectively often dynamically and radically changing environments, living things must be able to maintain a relative __________________ or set of stable internal conditions.

homeostasis

The secondary structure of proteins is a result of ___________ bonds between amino acids.

hydrogen

Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near the set point, which is the ________ _________ value for that component.

ideal normal

The definition of _____ can be interpreted as meeting a set of criteria including organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.

life

Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are _________

ligands

The extracellular material of tissues is called _________

matrix

In order to carry out many of the other characteristics of life, organisms must exhibit ____________. This is the ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products.

metabolism

The change in the shape of tissues or organs is called _________

morphogenesis

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of _________

negative feedback

In water molecules, the hydrogen atoms attract the __________ charged end of an oxygen atom.

negatively

All living things exhibit ______________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings. The inability to maintain this characteristic of life leads to disease and death.

organization

The covalent bonds between amino acids are called ________ bonds.

peptide

A type of lipid with a phosphate group is called a ____________ and is a major component of the plasma cell membrane. The nonpolar lipid end is said to be ______________ (water fearing) and the polar phosphate is said to be _________________ (water loving).

phospholipid, hydrophobic, hydrophilic

In ________ molecules, the electrons shift towards one end, causing one end to be more negatively charged than another.

polar

The tertiary structure is a result of the _________ portions of the proteins remaining relatively unfolded, increasing their contact with the environment.

polar

A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of _________

positive feedback

The ____________ charged hydrogen atom bonds with another atom.

positively

Each element has a unique number of _________ within the nucleus of an atom of that element.

protons

If two or more individual subunits associate, creating a functioning unit, the result is a ___________ structure.

quaternary

In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the ____________ that monitors the change in a _____________ (or variable).

receptor, stimulus

The plasma membrane

regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of __________________.

reproduction

All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display ___________________.

responsiveness

Saturated fats have many __________ covalent bonds and many ____________ atoms; polyunsaturated fats have many ____________ covalent bonds and have fewer ___________ atoms. High numbers of _____________ fats have been linked to cardiovascular disease.

single, hydrogen, double, hydrogen, saturated

The ability of one substance to dissolve in another is called _________; when ionic compounds separate in water, it is called _________.

solubility; dissociation

Homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Isotopes of the same element have

the same atomic number but differ in their mass numbers.

Anatomy is

the study of structure.

Hydrogen bonds are ________ important in determining the shape of complex molecules, such as proteins and DNA.

very

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels.

voltage-gated