Anatomy & Physiology I Exam 1 Study
The pH scale indicates the concentration of H+ in a solution.
True
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
True
Electrons
are the subatomic particles most involved in bonding behavior of atoms.
A buffer will
resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.
A symporter will transport _________ across the plasma membrane.
two different ions or molecules in the same direction
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order.
1. A receptor monitors a variable. 2. Information about the variable is sent to the control center. 3. The control center evaluates the value of the variable compared to the set point. 4. If necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond. 5. The effector produces a response that maintains homeostasis.
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have _________
20 neutrons
Mole
A certain quantity of atoms; Avogadro's number
Decomposition
A larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more products.
Synthesis
A new product is chemically created from two or more reactants.
Which of the following is a proton donor?
An acid
Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?
Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.
Synthesis reaction
Dehydration
Water is a product in this reaction.
Dehydration
What characteristic of life represents the ability to change from "general" to "specific"?
Differentiation (related to Development)
Which tissue type forms glands?
Epithelial
Atomic number
Equal to the number of protons in each atom
Mass number
Equal to the number of protons and neutrons in each atom
A double covalent bond is the result of two atoms sharing two electrons.
False
Covalent bonds are formed when two or more atoms share protons
False
Homeostasis is defined as "the process through which a perfectly stable internal and external environments are maintained in the body so that cellular functions can proceed at reasonable efficiency".
False
Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are acidic.
False
The pH scale is a measure of oxygen concentration in a solution.
False
Blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating in blood?
Glucose
In the reversible reaction, CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-, a decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What will this do to the amount of H+ in the blood?
H+ will increase.
Decomposition reaction
Hydrolysis
Water is used to split a compound into two parts.
Hydrolysis
Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false?
In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point.
________ form a protective padding around our internal organs to prevent damage, and they act as insulation to keep us warm. If glucose levels are low, they also provide an alternative storage of energy.
Lipids
Which type of tissue is contractile?
Muscle tissue
Which of the following statements regarding negative feedback is false?
Negative feedback means that any deviation from the set point is further amplified to maintain homeostasis.
Consider the following structural levels: chemical, organ, tissue, cell, and organ system. Which level encompasses the other four?
Organ system
In the feedback system, which component monitors the value of a variable?
Receptor
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?
Secretion and absorption of molecules
Equilibrium
The amount of products relative to the amount of reactants remains constant.
Atomic mass
The average mass of an element's various isotopes
Reversible
The reaction can proceed from product to reactants or reactants to product
Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?
They always remain at a fixed value.
A nonpolar covalent bond means that electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
True
A polar covalent bond means that one nucleus is attracting the electrons more than the other.
True
A single covalent bond means that two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons.
True
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.
True
Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic (alkaline).
True
Isotope
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons
In relation to the feedback mechanisms in homeostasis, please choose the CORRECT option:
When physiological, a positive feedback will always be followed by a negative feedback.
An organ is
a structure composed of several tissue types.
The primary structure of a protein is also known as the __________ ___________sequence.
amino acid
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
blood calcium levels decrease.
Made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life, ______________ _________________is a requirement of all living things.
cellular composition
Information about the variable is sent to the __________ ___________ , which compares the value of the variable to the _____ ______________ .
control center, set point
Characterized by both differentiation and growth, _________________ is the characteristic of life that explains increased size and functional complexity.
development
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions
dissociate or separate from one another.
The tertiary structure results in the shape of a ___________.
domain
If a response is necessary, a/an ____________ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis.
effector
Chemical substances that dissolve in water or react with water to release ions are known as _________
electrolytes
In ionic bonding,
electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Species of life will all demonstrate ______________ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success with the environment.
evolution
The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of _________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of _________.
growth; differentiation
In interacting with their respectively often dynamically and radically changing environments, living things must be able to maintain a relative __________________ or set of stable internal conditions.
homeostasis
The secondary structure of proteins is a result of ___________ bonds between amino acids.
hydrogen
Homeostasis involves maintaining body functions near the set point, which is the ________ _________ value for that component.
ideal normal
The definition of _____ can be interpreted as meeting a set of criteria including organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
life
Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are _________
ligands
The extracellular material of tissues is called _________
matrix
In order to carry out many of the other characteristics of life, organisms must exhibit ____________. This is the ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products.
metabolism
The change in the shape of tissues or organs is called _________
morphogenesis
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of _________
negative feedback
In water molecules, the hydrogen atoms attract the __________ charged end of an oxygen atom.
negatively
All living things exhibit ______________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings. The inability to maintain this characteristic of life leads to disease and death.
organization
The covalent bonds between amino acids are called ________ bonds.
peptide
A type of lipid with a phosphate group is called a ____________ and is a major component of the plasma cell membrane. The nonpolar lipid end is said to be ______________ (water fearing) and the polar phosphate is said to be _________________ (water loving).
phospholipid, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
In ________ molecules, the electrons shift towards one end, causing one end to be more negatively charged than another.
polar
The tertiary structure is a result of the _________ portions of the proteins remaining relatively unfolded, increasing their contact with the environment.
polar
A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of _________
positive feedback
The ____________ charged hydrogen atom bonds with another atom.
positively
Each element has a unique number of _________ within the nucleus of an atom of that element.
protons
If two or more individual subunits associate, creating a functioning unit, the result is a ___________ structure.
quaternary
In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the ____________ that monitors the change in a _____________ (or variable).
receptor, stimulus
The plasma membrane
regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.
The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of __________________.
reproduction
All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display ___________________.
responsiveness
Saturated fats have many __________ covalent bonds and many ____________ atoms; polyunsaturated fats have many ____________ covalent bonds and have fewer ___________ atoms. High numbers of _____________ fats have been linked to cardiovascular disease.
single, hydrogen, double, hydrogen, saturated
The ability of one substance to dissolve in another is called _________; when ionic compounds separate in water, it is called _________.
solubility; dissociation
Homeostasis is defined as
the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
Isotopes of the same element have
the same atomic number but differ in their mass numbers.
Anatomy is
the study of structure.
Hydrogen bonds are ________ important in determining the shape of complex molecules, such as proteins and DNA.
very
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called _________ channels.
voltage-gated