Anatomy & Physiology of Pregnancy - ch. 2
physiologic anemia caused by
hemodilution cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
changes in pregnancy that result from the melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( 2 of them )
- Chloasma (skin condition) - Linea nigra ( the line on the stomach)
Positive signs of pregnancy
- Fetal heartbeat -fetal outline et movement - Ultrasonography (visualization of fetus)
Cardiovascular changes that occur during third trimester (3 of them)
- cardia output increases - BP decreases - Heart is displaced upward
hormones that are secreted by placenta
- hCG - Progesterone - Estrogen - hPL
cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms that occur and should be explained when planning a class about prenatal care ( 3 of them )
- increase blood volume - increased cardiac output - enlargement of heart
Metabolic changes that occur during the first trimester (3 of them)
- need for sleep increases - fluid retention increases - calcium requirements increase
probable causes of pregnacy
- uterine changes - hegar sign ( lower uterine wall softens - at 6 weeks) - goodell sign (cervix softens) - vaginal change (purpilish color) - Fetal outline (ballottement) - Preparatory Contractions
Oxygen consumption increases by ___
20-40%
at which week does the uterus rise out of the pelvis and into an abdominal organ
12 weeks
Blood volume increases by ____ milliliters or ____ percent above pregnancy levels
1200-1500, 40-45
The heart rate goes up how many bpm
10-15 bpm
Cardiac output increases ____ during pregnancy
30-50%
Blood volume increases ____ to meet needs of mother et fetus
45 - 50%
hCg levels rise quickly until ____ days then falls to ___ days
65, 115
which research-based knowledge guides a nurse regarding the emotional factors of pregnancy?
Ambivalence et anxiety about mothering
Chadwick's sign
Bluish purple discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia during pregnancy as a result of increased vascular congestion.
A pregnant patient uses a computer alot while working. This has implications for her plan of care during pregnancy. What should the nurse recommend
Try to walk around every few hours during the week
during the third trimester what clinical finding is an expected response to the pregnancy
SOB on exertion
____ is developed during pregnancy (deals with skin)
Striae gravidarum (strech marks)
A patient at 35 week asks why her breathing has become difficult. How should the nurse repsond?
You diaphragm has been displaced upward
nullipara
a woman who has never borne a viable child
gravida
a woman who is pregnant
primigravida
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Presumptive signs of pregnancy
amenorrhea, fatigue/drowsiness nausea, vomitimg breast tenderness, deepening pigmentation, urinary frequency, quickening
change expected in a patients hemotologic system during the second trimester
an increase in blood volume
high glycogen levels produces
candida albicons (yeast)
vaginal mucosa has purpilish discoloration. what sign should be documented in the clinical record
chadwick
the increase of which hormone during the first trimester causes nausea/vomiting
chorionic gonadtropin
At 8 weeks gestation a patient starts urinating more frequently. this is because the bladder capacity is dimished by ___
compression by the enlarging uterus
placenta become what kind of gland temporarily
endocrine gland
Breast have high levels of ____ for lactation
estrogen/progesterone
endocrine gland produces
estrogen/progesterone
pytalism
excessive salivation
Neurological changes: acceptance of biologic fact of pregnancy - which trimester?
first trimester
cervical change: increased ___
friability
Breast become what during pregnancy
full and sore
caused by fetal blood flowing through umbilical cord
funic souffle
emptying time decreases for
gallbladder
pyrosis
heartburn
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
gingivitis is caused by
hyperemia
during pregnancy vaginal secretions ____ and PH becomes more ____
increase, acidic
fundal height of uterus deceases between weeks 38-40 - what is this called?
lightening
In the neurologic system there is an increase in
lumbar lordosis and mood swings
supine hypertension occurs when
lying on back; turning to the side relieves pressure
theres is an increase in ___ during pregnancy
melanin
during pregnancy sweat and sebaceous glands become
more active
formed to prevent ascent of organisms into uterus
mucus plug
nulligravida
never been pregnant and is not now either
parity
number of pregnancies in which fetus or fetuses have reached viability, not the number of fetuses born
inhibited by high levels of circulation estrogen/progesterone and is secreted by corpus leteum
ovulation
produces progesterone to maintain decidua during first 6-7 weeks of gestation
ovulation
uterus rises from where to where after first trimester
pelvis to abdomen
cause of a patients physiology anemia
plasma volume increasing
Gravidity
pregnancy
An increase in vaginal secretions during pregnancy called leukorrhea. This increase is caused by
production of estrogen
Neurological changes: acceptance of growing fetus as distinct from self - which trimester?
second trimester
hCG is detectable in
serum or urine
diastolic pressure
slight decrease at 24-32 weeks then normal
Systolic pressure
slight/no decrease
why does fetus et placenta grow faster than uterine blood flow increases
so more oxygen is taken from uterine blood toward end of pregnancy
ligaments and joints ____ during pregnancy
soften
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is produced by
the fertilized ovum and chorionic villi
Neurological changes: preparation for birth - which trimester?
third trimester
The heart is displaced
upwards
Pelvic hyperemia et pressure of uterus on pelvic blood vessels is caused by
varicose veins on legs, uvula, et perianal area
Goodell sign: cervix softens - at what week?
week 6
leukorrhea
white discharge from the vagina
multigravida
woman who has been pregnant more than once
multipara
woman who has given birth to two or more children
primipara
woman who has had one pregnancy that has resulted in a viable offspring
