Anatomy & Physiology of Pregnancy - ch. 2

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physiologic anemia caused by

hemodilution cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

changes in pregnancy that result from the melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( 2 of them )

- Chloasma (skin condition) - Linea nigra ( the line on the stomach)

Positive signs of pregnancy

- Fetal heartbeat -fetal outline et movement - Ultrasonography (visualization of fetus)

Cardiovascular changes that occur during third trimester (3 of them)

- cardia output increases - BP decreases - Heart is displaced upward

hormones that are secreted by placenta

- hCG - Progesterone - Estrogen - hPL

cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms that occur and should be explained when planning a class about prenatal care ( 3 of them )

- increase blood volume - increased cardiac output - enlargement of heart

Metabolic changes that occur during the first trimester (3 of them)

- need for sleep increases - fluid retention increases - calcium requirements increase

probable causes of pregnacy

- uterine changes - hegar sign ( lower uterine wall softens - at 6 weeks) - goodell sign (cervix softens) - vaginal change (purpilish color) - Fetal outline (ballottement) - Preparatory Contractions

Oxygen consumption increases by ___

20-40%

at which week does the uterus rise out of the pelvis and into an abdominal organ

12 weeks

Blood volume increases by ____ milliliters or ____ percent above pregnancy levels

1200-1500, 40-45

The heart rate goes up how many bpm

10-15 bpm

Cardiac output increases ____ during pregnancy

30-50%

Blood volume increases ____ to meet needs of mother et fetus

45 - 50%

hCg levels rise quickly until ____ days then falls to ___ days

65, 115

which research-based knowledge guides a nurse regarding the emotional factors of pregnancy?

Ambivalence et anxiety about mothering

Chadwick's sign

Bluish purple discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia during pregnancy as a result of increased vascular congestion.

A pregnant patient uses a computer alot while working. This has implications for her plan of care during pregnancy. What should the nurse recommend

Try to walk around every few hours during the week

during the third trimester what clinical finding is an expected response to the pregnancy

SOB on exertion

____ is developed during pregnancy (deals with skin)

Striae gravidarum (strech marks)

A patient at 35 week asks why her breathing has become difficult. How should the nurse repsond?

You diaphragm has been displaced upward

nullipara

a woman who has never borne a viable child

gravida

a woman who is pregnant

primigravida

a woman who is pregnant for the first time

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

amenorrhea, fatigue/drowsiness nausea, vomitimg breast tenderness, deepening pigmentation, urinary frequency, quickening

change expected in a patients hemotologic system during the second trimester

an increase in blood volume

high glycogen levels produces

candida albicons (yeast)

vaginal mucosa has purpilish discoloration. what sign should be documented in the clinical record

chadwick

the increase of which hormone during the first trimester causes nausea/vomiting

chorionic gonadtropin

At 8 weeks gestation a patient starts urinating more frequently. this is because the bladder capacity is dimished by ___

compression by the enlarging uterus

placenta become what kind of gland temporarily

endocrine gland

Breast have high levels of ____ for lactation

estrogen/progesterone

endocrine gland produces

estrogen/progesterone

pytalism

excessive salivation

Neurological changes: acceptance of biologic fact of pregnancy - which trimester?

first trimester

cervical change: increased ___

friability

Breast become what during pregnancy

full and sore

caused by fetal blood flowing through umbilical cord

funic souffle

emptying time decreases for

gallbladder

pyrosis

heartburn

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

gingivitis is caused by

hyperemia

during pregnancy vaginal secretions ____ and PH becomes more ____

increase, acidic

fundal height of uterus deceases between weeks 38-40 - what is this called?

lightening

In the neurologic system there is an increase in

lumbar lordosis and mood swings

supine hypertension occurs when

lying on back; turning to the side relieves pressure

theres is an increase in ___ during pregnancy

melanin

during pregnancy sweat and sebaceous glands become

more active

formed to prevent ascent of organisms into uterus

mucus plug

nulligravida

never been pregnant and is not now either

parity

number of pregnancies in which fetus or fetuses have reached viability, not the number of fetuses born

inhibited by high levels of circulation estrogen/progesterone and is secreted by corpus leteum

ovulation

produces progesterone to maintain decidua during first 6-7 weeks of gestation

ovulation

uterus rises from where to where after first trimester

pelvis to abdomen

cause of a patients physiology anemia

plasma volume increasing

Gravidity

pregnancy

An increase in vaginal secretions during pregnancy called leukorrhea. This increase is caused by

production of estrogen

Neurological changes: acceptance of growing fetus as distinct from self - which trimester?

second trimester

hCG is detectable in

serum or urine

diastolic pressure

slight decrease at 24-32 weeks then normal

Systolic pressure

slight/no decrease

why does fetus et placenta grow faster than uterine blood flow increases

so more oxygen is taken from uterine blood toward end of pregnancy

ligaments and joints ____ during pregnancy

soften

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is produced by

the fertilized ovum and chorionic villi

Neurological changes: preparation for birth - which trimester?

third trimester

The heart is displaced

upwards

Pelvic hyperemia et pressure of uterus on pelvic blood vessels is caused by

varicose veins on legs, uvula, et perianal area

Goodell sign: cervix softens - at what week?

week 6

leukorrhea

white discharge from the vagina

multigravida

woman who has been pregnant more than once

multipara

woman who has given birth to two or more children

primipara

woman who has had one pregnancy that has resulted in a viable offspring


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