Anatomy and Physiology Quiz 1

Anatomy is the study of form and __(1)__. This discipline is very broad and can be divided into more specific fields. In __(2)__ anatomy, structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye are examined. Gross anatomy, also called __(3)__ anatomy, examines parts that are visible to the unaided eye. Several specialized branches focus on the diagnosis of medical conditions or research. The branch of anatomy that examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease is __(4)__ anatomy. Investigation of relationships among internal structures using scanning procedures is __(5)__ anatomy.

(1) Structure, (2) Microscopic, (3) Macroscopic, (4) Pathologic, and (5) Radiographic

A molecule of __(1)__ consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. When water breaks apart, it releases positively charged __(2)__ ions and negatively charged __(3)__ ions. Water dissociates into an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which creates a __(4)__ pH value.

(1) Water, (2) Hydrogen, (3) Hydroxide and (4) Neutral

Energy is the capacity to do __(1)__. Energy comes in two forms: kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of __(2)__. Potential energy is __(3)__ energy. Plants convert solar energy to __(4)__ energy (a potential energy source). Chemical energy is used to do work in cells because the bonds in the molecules contain __(5)__ energy. Eventually, all solar energy absorbed by plants dissipates as __(6)__.

(1) Work, (2) Motion, (3) Stored, (4) Chemical, (5) Potential and (6) Heat

1. Oxygen, O2 2. Water, H2O 3. Glucose, C6H12O6

1. 2 oxygen atoms, 0 carbon atoms, and 0 hydrogen atoms 2. 1 oxygen atom, 0 carbon atoms, and 2 hydrogen atoms 3. 6 oxygen atoms, 6 carbon atoms, and 12 hydrogen atoms

1. Protein - (?) 2. Carbohydrate - (?) 3. Nucleic Acid - (?)

1. Amino Acid 2. Sugar 3. Nucleotide

During a fever, the body increases in temperature, which will affect internal chemical reactions by

Increasing kinetic energy of the reactants, helping them overcome the activation energy

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to

Lactic acid

Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD+?

NAD+ (+) H = NADH

When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?

Oppose the change

Cells obtain energy by ______ food molecules such as glucose

Oxidizing

The four most common elements of the human body are

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

What type of organic molecule comprises the majority of a potato?

Polysaccharides

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of

Positive feedback

Choose the statement that best exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology

Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration ans diffusion occur

What does pH measure?

The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

Which of the following is true of positive feedback?

The change is amplified

Homeostasis is best described as

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment

Enzymes have various factors that can affect their __(1)__. Some of these factors include concentration, temperature, and __(2)__. Each enzyme has a __(3)__ pH at which the rate of reaction is highest. A change in pH can affect such things as interactions and ionization, or it can even make the enzyme __(4)__. A significant pH disruption renders enzymes inactive because it indices __(5)__.

(1 )Activity, (2) pH, (3) Optimal, (4) Inactive, and (5) Denaturation

Homeostatic imbalance may result when critical changes from __(1)__ or disease cause a variable normally controlled by __(2)__ feedback to be abnormally controlled by __(3)__ feedback. The __(4)__ of patients usually involves determining a __(5)__, or the specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance.

(1) Aging, (2) Negative, (3) Positive, (4) Treatment, and (5) Diagnosis

Neutrons, protons, and electrons make up __(1)__, the smallest particles with unique chemical properties. Two or more atoms make up a __(2)__. Molecules form together to make __(3)__, much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. The smallest unit of life, __(4)__ consist of multiple organelles and macromolecules. Collections of like cells performing a similar function, __(5)__ are divided into four major categories. Multiple different tissue types together are called __(6)__ and likewise work together to perform similar actions. In __(7)__ several organs work together to carry out a similar function. A complete, single __(8)__ represents the largest division of hierarchical organization.

(1) Atoms, (2) Molecule, (3) Organelles, (4) Cells, (5) Tissues, (6) Organs, (7) Organ systems, and (8) Organism

A chemical reaction is the making or breaking of chemical __(1)__. All chemical activities can be viewed as a series of __(2)__ between molecules. In chemical reactions, reactants are substances that participate in a reaction, while __(3)__ are substances that form as a result of a reaction. The materials on the left are __(4)__, and the materials on the right are the products. In chemical reactions, the __(5)__ energy contained in chemical bonds is transferred between molecules or used to do work.

(1) Bonds, (2) Chemical reactions, (3) Products, (4) Reactants, and (5) Potential

Molecules are broken down in __(1)__ reactions. Molecules are synthesized in __(2)__ reactions. Anabolic reactions __(3)__ energy input. Catabolic reactions __(4)__ energy when bonds are broken.

(1) Catabolic, (2) Anabolic, (3) Require and (4) Release

Enzymes act as __(1)__, speeding up the rate of reactions. Every reaction has a certain amount of __(2)__ needed to begin. This initial energy is called the energy of __(3)__. Enzymes are used to __(4)__ the energy of activation needed to begin a reaction.

(1) Catalysts, (2) Energy, (3) Activation and (4) Lower

Microscopic anatomy has several subdivisions with two main divisions: The study of body cells and their internal structure is __(1)__. The study of tissues is __(2)__. If the focus study is on superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them, it is considered __(3)__ anatomy. In __(4)__ anatomy, similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species are examined. The discipline that is concerned with the developmental changes from conception to birth is __(5)__. Gross anatomy looks at the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the naked eye and may be approached several ways: the study of anatomy by organ systems in the body is called __(6)__ anatomy. If one were to study all of the structures in one area of the body as a complete unit, it would be considered __(7)__ anatomy.

(1) Cytology, (2) Histology, (3) Surface, (4) Comparative, (5) Embryology, (6) Systemic, and (7) Regional

Physiology is the study of __(1)__ of body parts. To do this, physiologists typically focus on the molecular and/or __(2)__ levels to gain complete understanding of the system's workings. Thus, a basic knowledge of __(3)__ is essential to understanding physiology.

(1) Function, (2) Cellular, and (3) Chemistry

All living things exhibit __(1)__ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings. The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is __(2)__. All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display __(3)__. Living things must be able to maintain a relative __(4)__ or set of stable internal conditions. Characterized by both differentiation and growth, __(5)__ explains increased size and functional complexity. The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of __(6)__. Living species will all demonstrate __(7)__ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success in the environment.

(1) Organization, (2) Metabolism, (3) Responsiveness, (4) Homeostasis, (5) Development, (6) Reproduction, and (7) Evolution

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a __(1)__ molecule. As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great __(2)__ because water can break up and surround a __(3)__, as long as it is not __(4)__, dissolving it into solution. The reason water behaves in this manner is because the __(5)__ charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the __(6)__ charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule.

(1) Polar, (2) Solvent, (3) Solute, (4) Nonpolar, (5) Positive and (6) Negative

Amino acids link together end-to-end, forming the __(1)__ structure of proteins. Chemical properties of amino acid groups within a sequence interact with one another in __(2)__. Protein structure, resulting in hydrogen bonding and chain folding. Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produce numerous __(3)__ and beta sheets. Globular and fibrous shapes are created with __(4)__ structure of proteins caused by further folding due to disulfied bridges, hydrophobicity, and Van der Waals forces. More than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce a __(5)__ structures, which result from ionic and hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions.

(1) Primary, (2) Secondary, (3) Alpha helies, (4) Tertiary, and (5) Quaternary

The body maintains homeostasis by utilizing homeostatic control systems composed of three parts. The first part, the __(1)__, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consists of __(2)__. The change in the variable is the __(3)__. The second component is the __(4)__. It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the __(5)__ (the final component). This final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the __(6)__.

(1) Receptor, (2) Sensory nerves, (3) Stimulus, (4) Control center, (5) Effector, and (6) Stimulus

Ionic bonds form structures called __(1)__. When a sodium atom donates one outer shell electron to a chlorine atom, the sodium becomes an ion with a __(2)__ charge. Ionic bonds are formed between __(3)__. The electrons donated or accepted in order to form an iconic bond are in the atom's __(4)__ shell.

(1) Salts, (2) Positive, (3) A cation and an anion, and (4) Outer

The __(1)__ law of thermodynamics states that every time energy is transformed from one to another, some of the energy is converted to heat. That means there is never 100% conversion of one form of __(2)__ energy to another. Because __(3)__ is not available to do __(4)__, the usable amount of energy is __(5)__ each time an energy conversion occurs.

(1) Second, (2) Usable, (3) Heat, (4) Work and (5) Decreased

1. High surface tension Water is a liquid rather than a gas at room temperature, high specific heat High heat of vaporization 2. Water readily dissolves other polar molecules Water readily dissolves table salt (NaCI) Paper towels readily absorb water

1. Cohesion 2. Adhesion

1. Strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule 2. Bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and re-formed

1. Covalent Bonds 2. Hydrogen Bonds

1. Form adipose tissue and provide energy ______ 2. Main component of cell membranes ______ 3. Include hormones, cholesterol, and bile salts ______ 4. Regulation of inflammation and aid in nervous system communication ______

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids 4. Eicosanoids

The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of

2 NADH and 2 ATP

A hydrogen atom consists of

A proton and an electron

Total ATP produced from one glucose molecule is 38. Why is the net value only 30?

ATP is used to bring pyruvate and NADH into the mitochondrion from the cytosol

What is the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyle Coenzyme A

All organic compounds contain ______, hydrogen, and usually oxygen

Carbon