Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1

sensor

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

Name the six levels of organization of the human body.

1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism

X-rays

A CT or CAT scan relies on circling scanner that revolves around the patients body. What type of radiation does a CT scanner use

organ

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system

The magnets induce tissue to emit radio signals that can show differences between different types of tissue.

A patient undergoing an MRI is surrounded by a tube-shaped scanner. Watch this video to learn more about MRIs. What is the function of magnets in an MRI? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKzN7AcCatI&feature=related

excercise physiologist

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist

A student would more readily appreciate the structures revealed in the dissection. Even though the student has not yet studied the workings of the heart and blood vessels in her class, she has experienced her heart beating every moment of her life, has probably felt her pulse, and likely has at least a basic understanding of the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout her body. This understanding of the heart's function (physiology) would support her study of the heart's form (anatomy).

A student would more readily appreciate the structures revealed in the dissection. Even though the student has not yet studied the workings of the heart and blood vessels in her class, she has experienced her heart beating every moment of her life, has probably felt her pulse, and likely has at least a basic understanding of the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout her body. This understanding of the heart's function (physiology) would support her study of the heart's form (anatomy).

stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above

a control center

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions. It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver.

breaking down stored energy

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

Differentiation

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness

Oxygen

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water

X-rays

In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy.

PET relies on radioactive substances administered several minutes before the scan. Watch this video to learn more about PET. How is PET used in chemotherapy? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijmwQzfjNQo&feature=related

sweat glands to increase their output

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. All of the above

skeletal system

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system

Mediastinum

The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above

superior to the popliteal region

The lumbar region is ________. a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region

Cell

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue

midsagittal plane

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane

Kidneys

Water concentration in the body is critical for proper functioning. A person's body retains very tight control on water levels without conscious control by the person. Watch this video to learn more about water concentration in the body. Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes

d.None of the above

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?" a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. d. None of the above

Ultrasound

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. X-rays

child birth

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation

Regional Anatomy

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

responsiveness

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

ultrasonography

application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs

anabolism

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

catabolism

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography

c. PET

cranial cavity

cavity that houses the brain

development

changes an organism goes through during its life

nutrient

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

control center

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

superior

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial

cranial

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior division of the posterior (dorsal)

inferior

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

caudal

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior

distal

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

proximal

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

superficial

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

posterior

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal

dorsal

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior

ventral

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior

anterior

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral

medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

abdominopelvic cavity

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

thoracic cavity

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

spinal cavity

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity

prone

face down

supine

face up

pressure

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

X-ray

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones

organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

tissue

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

set point

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

plane

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

section

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through

ventral cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous embranelined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity

anterior cavity

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membranelined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

computed tomography (CT)

medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

positron emission tomography (PET)

medical imaging technique in which adiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues

serous membrane

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

serosa

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane

effector

organ that can cause a change in a value

posterior cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

dorsal cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

reproduction

process by which new organisms are generated

differentiation

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

renewal

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

growth

process of increasing in size

normal range

range of values round the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

pericardium

sac that encloses the heart

physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions

anatomy

science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures

peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

pleura

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

anatomical position

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

gross anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

regional anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

systemic anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

microscopic anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

metabolism

sum of all of the body's chemical reactions

transverse plane

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

frontal plane

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

sagittal plane

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

fatty acid catabolism

what kind of catabolsim occurs in the heart