Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1
sensor
(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
Name the six levels of organization of the human body.
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism
X-rays
A CT or CAT scan relies on circling scanner that revolves around the patients body. What type of radiation does a CT scanner use
organ
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system
The magnets induce tissue to emit radio signals that can show differences between different types of tissue.
A patient undergoing an MRI is surrounded by a tube-shaped scanner. Watch this video to learn more about MRIs. What is the function of magnets in an MRI? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKzN7AcCatI&feature=related
excercise physiologist
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist
A student would more readily appreciate the structures revealed in the dissection. Even though the student has not yet studied the workings of the heart and blood vessels in her class, she has experienced her heart beating every moment of her life, has probably felt her pulse, and likely has at least a basic understanding of the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout her body. This understanding of the heart's function (physiology) would support her study of the heart's form (anatomy).
A student would more readily appreciate the structures revealed in the dissection. Even though the student has not yet studied the workings of the heart and blood vessels in her class, she has experienced her heart beating every moment of her life, has probably felt her pulse, and likely has at least a basic understanding of the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout her body. This understanding of the heart's function (physiology) would support her study of the heart's form (anatomy).
stores energy for use by body cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above
a control center
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors
Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions. It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver.
breaking down stored energy
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
Differentiation
Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness
Oxygen
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water
X-rays
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays
sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy.
PET relies on radioactive substances administered several minutes before the scan. Watch this video to learn more about PET. How is PET used in chemotherapy? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijmwQzfjNQo&feature=related
sweat glands to increase their output
Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. All of the above
skeletal system
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system
Mediastinum
The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above
superior to the popliteal region
The lumbar region is ________. a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region
Cell
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue
midsagittal plane
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane
Kidneys
Water concentration in the body is critical for proper functioning. A person's body retains very tight control on water levels without conscious control by the person. Watch this video to learn more about water concentration in the body. Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?
high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes
d.None of the above
What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?" a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. d. None of the above
Ultrasound
Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. X-rays
child birth
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation
Regional Anatomy
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy
All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
responsiveness
ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
ultrasonography
application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs
anabolism
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
catabolism
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography
c. PET
cranial cavity
cavity that houses the brain
development
changes an organism goes through during its life
nutrient
chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
control center
compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector
superior
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial
cranial
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior division of the posterior (dorsal)
inferior
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal
caudal
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior
distal
describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
deep
describes a position farther from the surface of the body
proximal
describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
superficial
describes a position nearer to the surface of the body
posterior
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal
dorsal
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior
ventral
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior
anterior
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral
medial
describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
lateral
describes the side or direction toward the side of the body
abdominopelvic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera
thoracic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea
spinal cavity
division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity
prone
face down
supine
face up
pressure
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
X-ray
form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones
organ
functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues
organ system
group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
tissue
group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
negative feedback
homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
set point
ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
plane
imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
section
in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through
ventral cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous embranelined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity
anterior cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membranelined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity
organism
living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
positive feedback
mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
computed tomography (CT)
medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body
positron emission tomography (PET)
medical imaging technique in which adiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues
serous membrane
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa
serosa
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane
effector
organ that can cause a change in a value
posterior cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity
dorsal cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity
reproduction
process by which new organisms are generated
differentiation
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
renewal
process by which worn-out cells are replaced
growth
process of increasing in size
normal range
range of values round the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
pericardium
sac that encloses the heart
physiology
science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions
anatomy
science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there
pleura
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs
cell
smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
anatomical position
standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body
homeostasis
steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
gross anatomy
study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy
regional anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
systemic anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
microscopic anatomy
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
metabolism
sum of all of the body's chemical reactions
transverse plane
two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
frontal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
sagittal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
fatty acid catabolism
what kind of catabolsim occurs in the heart