Anatomy-Bone Tissue
The breakdown of bone matrix
is called bone resorption
What is the relationship between the skeletal system and the blood?
*Blood cells are created within the bone marrow;* -Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets -Adipose cells -Macrophages
Which structures allow communication between blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?
*Check in book* Perforating (Volkmann's) canals, central (Haversian) canals, cell junctions, canaliculi
Bone formation
*Check in book* Requires replacement of pre-existing connective tissue
Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur
1. Cartilage model development 2. Cartilage model growth 3. Primary ossification center development 4. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation 5. Secondary ossification center development
Place the events of intramembranous ossification in the order in which they occur
1. Development of the ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of the periosteum
diaphysis
shaft of the long bone
Ossification begins during the _____ week after conception
6th
Whats a greenstick fracture
A partial fracture
What is found at the ends of long bones?
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage. It is cartilage that covers the epiphysis; bone forms an articulation w/ another bone here
Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone?
B) differentiation of periosteal cells into osteoblasts
Bone increases in:
BOTH in length by: interstitial growth in diameter by: appositional growth
The skeleton does all of the following:
Blood cell production, storage of energy, protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis
_____ is a constant process of alternating osteoclast and osteoblast activity that replaces worn bone and reshapes bone along lines of stress
Bone remodeling
All of the following are associated with compact bone EXCEPT:
C) Trabeculae
The epiphyseal plate:
C) consist of 4 zones of chondrocytes... (chondrocytes are cells that secrete the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it)
The zone of calcified cartilage:
Consists of mostly dead cells, osteoclasts, Invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries, & Lays down bone in the diaphysis
Compact Bone:
D) is arranged in units called osteons (Haversian systems)
Which bone vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?
Diaphyseal arteries and veins
mesenchyme
Embryonic precursor to all types of connective tissue
Which of the following is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
Endosteum
Which types of bones are formed by intramembraneous ossification?
Flat bone of the skull, part of the clavicle and the mandible
Compact bone is organized into concentric rings of bone which are called osteons or _______
Haversian systems
Spongy Bone
Is located primarily in the long bones
Which of the following is true of bone growth?
It requires activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with endosteum and filled with yellow marrow is the _____
Medullary Cavity
The expanded ends of long bones that contain the epiphyseal plate are called ________
Metaphyses
zone of resting cartilage
Nearest epiphysis, Consists of chondrocytes (cells of mature cartilage) Anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis (#1)
Which of the following cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?
Osteoblasts
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a decrease in the amount and strength of bone tissue owing to decreases in hormone output
lamellae
Rings of hard, calcified matrix... Layers of bone in an osteon
development of cartilage model
Site of future bone production... Mesenchyme differentiate into chondroblasts (secrete cartilage)
The components of the skeletal system are:
Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. **Also includes tendons and ligaments.**
zone of proliferating cartilage
Stacks of chondrocytes Chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal surface of the epiphyseal plate (#2)
osteons
aka haversion systems contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix. they are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. they can change as the stress on the bone changes.
articular cartilage
aka hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
aka zone of maturing cartilage... larger chrondocytes arranged in columns. movement of epiphysis from the diaphysis (#3)
Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement; mineral homeostasis, ______ production, and triglyceride storage
blood cell
osteoblasts
bone building cells
compound fracture
bone sticking outve skin... also open fracture?
comminuted fracture
broken ends of bone are fragmented
development of periosteum
condensed mesenchyme, compact bone replaces most spongy bone, spongy bone remains in the center. (occurs fourth in process of intramembraneous ossification)
periosteum
connective tissue covering the surface of the bone which contains osteogenic cells, protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons
zone of calcified cartilage
consists of mostly dead cells, osteoclasts, invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries, lay down bone in the diaphysis (#4 in photo)
osteoclasts
derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue
Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the ____ of a bone to grow in length
diaphysis
Pott's fracture
distal fibular fracture
Colles fracture
distal radial fracture
Compared to intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification: a) is less complex b) requires fewer types of cells c) requires presence of blood vessels in order to form chondrocytes d) results in mature bone with a very different histology e) allow both interstitial and appositional growth
e) allow both interstitial and appositional growth
epiphyses
ends of the bone
All of the following are true of exercise and bone except
individuals who do not exercise tend to lose bone mass
_____ ossification occurs between fibrous connective tissue membranes
intramembraneous ossification
trabeculae
irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue serves as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule
endosteum
lining of the medullary cavity
osteocytes
mature bone cells, the principal cells of bone tissue
development of ossification
mesenchymes -> osteoprogenitor... osteoblasts secrete osteoid, center of ossification (occurs first in intramembraneous ossification)
formation of trabeculae
occurs third in process of intramembraneous ossification
impacted fracture
one side of the fracture driven into the interior of the other
calcification
process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen (occurs only in presence of collagen fibers) (osteocytes in lacunae, extend canaliculi)
The framework of bones and cartilage that supports and protects the body is the _____
skeletal system
canaliculi
small canal or channel that connects lacunae
lacunae
small, hollow space found in bones where osteocytes lie
Spongy bone is organized into _____ instead of osteons
trabeculae
osteogenic cell
undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts
Which of the following are required for proper bone growth?
vitamins and minerals
Those at risk for Osteoporosis
white, thin, menopausal, smoking, drinking, female with family history and athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat and decreased estrogen levels and people allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose calcium intake is too low