Anatomy-Bone Tissue

The breakdown of bone matrix

is called bone resorption

What is the relationship between the skeletal system and the blood?

*Blood cells are created within the bone marrow;* -Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets -Adipose cells -Macrophages

Which structures allow communication between blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?

*Check in book* Perforating (Volkmann's) canals, central (Haversian) canals, cell junctions, canaliculi

Bone formation

*Check in book* Requires replacement of pre-existing connective tissue

Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur

1. Cartilage model development 2. Cartilage model growth 3. Primary ossification center development 4. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation 5. Secondary ossification center development

Place the events of intramembranous ossification in the order in which they occur

1. Development of the ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of the periosteum

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

Ossification begins during the _____ week after conception

6th

Whats a greenstick fracture

A partial fracture

What is found at the ends of long bones?

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage. It is cartilage that covers the epiphysis; bone forms an articulation w/ another bone here

Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone?

B) differentiation of periosteal cells into osteoblasts

Bone increases in:

BOTH in length by: interstitial growth in diameter by: appositional growth

The skeleton does all of the following:

Blood cell production, storage of energy, protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis

_____ is a constant process of alternating osteoclast and osteoblast activity that replaces worn bone and reshapes bone along lines of stress

Bone remodeling

All of the following are associated with compact bone EXCEPT:

C) Trabeculae

The epiphyseal plate:

C) consist of 4 zones of chondrocytes... (chondrocytes are cells that secrete the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it)

The zone of calcified cartilage:

Consists of mostly dead cells, osteoclasts, Invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries, & Lays down bone in the diaphysis

Compact Bone:

D) is arranged in units called osteons (Haversian systems)

Which bone vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?

Diaphyseal arteries and veins

mesenchyme

Embryonic precursor to all types of connective tissue

Which of the following is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Endosteum

Which types of bones are formed by intramembraneous ossification?

Flat bone of the skull, part of the clavicle and the mandible

Compact bone is organized into concentric rings of bone which are called osteons or _______

Haversian systems

Spongy Bone

Is located primarily in the long bones

Which of the following is true of bone growth?

It requires activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with endosteum and filled with yellow marrow is the _____

Medullary Cavity

The expanded ends of long bones that contain the epiphyseal plate are called ________

Metaphyses

zone of resting cartilage

Nearest epiphysis, Consists of chondrocytes (cells of mature cartilage) Anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis (#1)

Which of the following cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?

Osteoblasts

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a decrease in the amount and strength of bone tissue owing to decreases in hormone output

lamellae

Rings of hard, calcified matrix... Layers of bone in an osteon

development of cartilage model

Site of future bone production... Mesenchyme differentiate into chondroblasts (secrete cartilage)

The components of the skeletal system are:

Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. **Also includes tendons and ligaments.**

zone of proliferating cartilage

Stacks of chondrocytes Chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal surface of the epiphyseal plate (#2)

osteons

aka haversion systems contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix. they are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. they can change as the stress on the bone changes.

articular cartilage

aka hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

aka zone of maturing cartilage... larger chrondocytes arranged in columns. movement of epiphysis from the diaphysis (#3)

Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement; mineral homeostasis, ______ production, and triglyceride storage

blood cell

osteoblasts

bone building cells

compound fracture

bone sticking outve skin... also open fracture?

comminuted fracture

broken ends of bone are fragmented

development of periosteum

condensed mesenchyme, compact bone replaces most spongy bone, spongy bone remains in the center. (occurs fourth in process of intramembraneous ossification)

periosteum

connective tissue covering the surface of the bone which contains osteogenic cells, protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

zone of calcified cartilage

consists of mostly dead cells, osteoclasts, invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries, lay down bone in the diaphysis (#4 in photo)

osteoclasts

derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the ____ of a bone to grow in length

diaphysis

Pott's fracture

distal fibular fracture

Colles fracture

distal radial fracture

Compared to intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification: a) is less complex b) requires fewer types of cells c) requires presence of blood vessels in order to form chondrocytes d) results in mature bone with a very different histology e) allow both interstitial and appositional growth

e) allow both interstitial and appositional growth

epiphyses

ends of the bone

All of the following are true of exercise and bone except

individuals who do not exercise tend to lose bone mass

_____ ossification occurs between fibrous connective tissue membranes

intramembraneous ossification

trabeculae

irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue serves as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule

endosteum

lining of the medullary cavity

osteocytes

mature bone cells, the principal cells of bone tissue

development of ossification

mesenchymes -> osteoprogenitor... osteoblasts secrete osteoid, center of ossification (occurs first in intramembraneous ossification)

formation of trabeculae

occurs third in process of intramembraneous ossification

impacted fracture

one side of the fracture driven into the interior of the other

calcification

process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen (occurs only in presence of collagen fibers) (osteocytes in lacunae, extend canaliculi)

The framework of bones and cartilage that supports and protects the body is the _____

skeletal system

canaliculi

small canal or channel that connects lacunae

lacunae

small, hollow space found in bones where osteocytes lie

Spongy bone is organized into _____ instead of osteons

trabeculae

osteogenic cell

undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts

Which of the following are required for proper bone growth?

vitamins and minerals

Those at risk for Osteoporosis

white, thin, menopausal, smoking, drinking, female with family history and athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat and decreased estrogen levels and people allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose calcium intake is too low