Anatomy Book Questions Exam 3
How does a reflex differ from a voluntary muscle movement?
A reflex is an immediate involuntary response, whereas voluntary motor movement is under conscious control and is voluntary
What could stimulate the release of an increased quantity of neurotransmitter by a hair cell into the synapse with a sensory neuron?
An increased quantity of neurotransmitter is released when the stereocilia of the hair cell are displaced toward the kinocilium.
Differentiate between CNS and PNS functions
CNS is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands PNS provides sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
What purpose do collaterals serve in the nervous system?
Collaterals enable a single neuron to communicate with several other cells at the same time
Which lobe and specific area of the brain would be affected if one could no longer cut designs from construction paper?
Damage would have occurred in the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe.
What is receptor specificity?
Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity. For example, a touch receptor is very sensitive to pressure but relatively insensitive to chemical stimuli.
How does exteroceptor activity differ from interoceptor activity?
Exteroceptors provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, sight, smell, hearing and taste. Interoceptors monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary and reproductive systems and provide sensations of taste, deep pressure, and pain.
Which cranial nerves are responsible for all aspects of eye function?
II, III, IV, V, VI
Swelling of the jugular vein as it leaves the skull could compress which of the following cranial nerves?
IX, X, XI
Differentiate between serial and parallel processing.
In serial processing, information may be relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next. Parallel processing occurs when several neurons or neuronal pools are processing the same information at one time.
If the dorsal root of the spinal cord were damaged, what would be affected?
Incoming sensory information would be disrupted
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
Information processing
Glial cells found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are...
Satellite cells
What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
The blood-brain barrier is needed to isolate neural tissue from the general circulation because hormones or other chemicals normally present in the blood could have disruptive effects on neuron function.
What is the structural relationship between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth?
The bony labyrinth is a shell of dense bone. It surrounds and protects fluid-filled tubes and the chambers known as the membranous labyrinth.
What is the primary role of the cerebral nuclei in the function of the subconscious motor pathways?
The cerebral nuclei are processing centers that provide background patterns of movement involved in the performance of voluntary motor activities.
What prevents side-to-side movements of the spinal cord?
The denticulate ligaments prevent side-to-side movements of the spinal cord
Describe the function of first-order neurons in the CNS.
The first order neuron is the sensory neuron that delivers the sensations to the CNS.
What are the functions of hair cells in the inner ear?
The hair cells in the inner ear act as sensory receptors.
What is the role of the meninges in protecting the spinal cord?
The meninges provide a tough protective covering, longitudinal physical stability, and a space for shock-absorbing fluid
If an individual has poor emotional control and difficulty in remembering past events, what area of the brain might be damaged or have a lesion?
The person might have a lesion in the limbic system
Why do the proportions of the homunculus differ from those of the body?
The sensory homunculus is distorted because the area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular region is proportional not to its absolute size but rather to the number of sensory receptors the region contains.
Compare the actions directed by motor commands in the vestibulospinal tracts with those in the reticulospinal tracts.
The vestibulospinal tracts direct the involuntary regulation of balance in response to sensations from the inner ear. The reticulospinal tracts direct the involuntary regulation of reflex activity and autonomic functions.
The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the suprarenal glands last longer than those of either chemical when released at neuroeffector junctions. Why?
There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.
Auditory information about the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve...
Vlll
The vagina is...
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle...
a new functional layer is formed in the uterus
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as...
a terminal arborization
The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is...
acetylcholine
All preganglionic autonomic fibers release _____ at their synaptic terminals, and the effects are always _____.
acetylcholine; excitatory
Reduced fluid losses in the urine due to retention of sodium ions and water are a result of the action of...
aldosterone
The extra embryonic membrane that forms the urinary bladder is the...
allantois
The deep crease on the ventral surface of the spinal cord is the...
anterior median fissure
The semicircular canals include which of the following?
anterior, posterior, and lateral
Cranial blood vessels pass through the space directly deep to the...
arachnoid mater
In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes...
are immediate
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus...
are part of the limbic system
Developmental problems in the growth and interconnections of neurons in the brain reflect problems with the...
astrocytes
Which neural tissue cell type is likely to be malfunctioning if the blood-brain barrier is no longer adequately protecting the brain?
astrocytes
Receptors in the saccule and utricle provide sensations of...
balance and equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels as well as in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts are...
baroreceptors
Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles are the...
basal nuclei
Hormones released by the kidney include...
calcitriol and erythropoietin
The white ramus communicans...
carries the preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by...
cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
The condition of dysmetria often indicates damage to which brain region?
cerebellum
Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the...
cerebral peduncles
The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the...
cervical enlargement
The process of cell division that occurs after fertilization is called...
cleavage
Tingling and numbness in the palmar region of the hand could be caused by...
compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary _______, and sympathetic activation causes _______.
constriction; dilation
The neural tunic...
contains the photoreceptors
Efferent tracts from the hypothalamus...
control involuntary motor activities, control autonomic function, and coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems {all of the above}
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to...
dilate the right pupil
The first stage of labor is the...
dilation stage
Patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following?
divergence, parallel processing, reverberation {all of the above}
The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the...
dorsal root ganglia
The structure that enters the urethra is the...
ejaculatory duct
How does aging affect the function of the endocrine system?
endocrine function of the reproductive system is the most affected by increasing age
How will penile function be altered if the blood supply to the corpora cavernous is impaired?
erection will not occur
What is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament?
filum terminale
When blood glucose levels fall...
glucagon is released
The reproductive system includes...
gonads and external genitalia, ducts that receive and transport the gametes, and accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids {all of the above}
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the...
gray commissures
A blastocyte is a...
hollow ball of cells
Endocrine organs can be controlled by...
hormones from other endocrine glands, direct neural stimulation, and changes in the composition of extracellular fluid {all of the above}
The most important function of the soma of a neuron is to...
house organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules
The hormone that is the basis for pregnancy tests is...
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
The primary link between the nervous and the endocrine systems is the...
hypothalamus
What symptoms would you associate with damage to the nucleus gracilis on the right side of the medulla oblongata?
inability to perceive fine touch from the left lower limb
Splanchnic nerves...
include preganglionic fibers that go to collateral ganglia
Which nuclei are more likely involved in the coordinated movement of the head in the direction of a loud noise?
inferior colliculi
The brachial plexus...
innervates the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity, is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1, and is the source of the musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves {all of the above}
The element required for normal thyroid function is...
iodine
Which of the following is true of the spinothalamic tract?
its neurons synapse in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
Axons of the corticospinal tract synapse at...
motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
What will happen to the function of the male reproductive tract if the testes fail to descend?
no viable spermatozoa will be produced
A receptor that is especially common in the superficial layers of the skin, and which responds to pain, is a...
nociceptor
Why is a nonvesicular synapse more effecient than a vesicular synapse? Why is it less versatile?
nonvesicular synapse is more efficient at carrying impulses because the two cells are linked by gap junctions and function like they share a plasmalemma vesicular are more versatile because the neuron membrane can be excited or inhibited by stimuli simultaneously
Axons ascend the posterior column to reach the...
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus
The only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum are the...
olfactory
Which of the following ganglia belong to the sympathetic division of the ANS?
paravertebral ganglia
The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is the...
perineurium
A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes...
progesterone
The large cells in the suprarenal medulla, which resemble neurons in sympathetic ganglia...
release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood capillaries
Accessory organs of the male reproductive system include all of the following except...
scrotum
Sperm production occurs in the...
seminiferous tubules
Visceral motor neurons in the CNS...
send axons to synapse on peripherally located ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are characterized as being...
short in length and myelinated
Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
somatic controls skeletal muscle contractions autonomic controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity that is usually outside our control
Blood vessels that supply or drain the thyroid gland include which of the following?
superior, inferior, and middle thyroid veins
The mediastinum of the testis...
supports the blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the testis
Reductions in cardiac activity, blood pressure, ability to process glycogen, blood glucose level, and release of lipids by adipose tissues are collectively symptoms of a defective...
suprarenal cortex
Which of the following is not a supporting ligament of the uterus?
suspensory
What anatomical mechanism is involved in causing a person to blush?
sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin
During implantation, the...
synctial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium
Deep to the subcutaneous layer, the eyelids are supported by broad sheets of connective tissues, collectively termed the...
tarsal plate
The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the...
temporal lobe
The diencephalic components of the limbic system include the...
thalamus and hypothalamus
During the second trimester, the most significant event that permits the mother to realize that she is carrying a new life within her body is that...
the fetus begins to move inside the uterus
During amphimixis...
the male and female pronuclei fuse
During the first trimester of development...
the rudiments of all the major organ systems begin to appear
Why is a more severe burn less painful initially than a less serious burn of the skin?
the skin's nociceptors are burned away and cannot transmit pain sensations to the CNS
Fine touch and pressure receptors provide detailed information about...
the source of the stimulus, the shape of the stimulus, and the texture of the stimulus *all of the above
Under what circumstances would you expect to find that two developing fetuses share a chorion and placenta but have separate amniotic sacs?
they are identical twins
Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because...
they contain sensory and motor fibers
How do the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles affect the functions of the ear?
they dampen excessively loud sounds that could harm sensitive auditory hair cells
Preganglionic fibers of the ANS sympathetic division originate in the...
thoracolumbar spinal cord
If a person has too few or defective lymphocytes, which gland might be at fault?
thymus
The hormone that targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormone is...
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually...
unmyelinated
What nerve is likely to transmit pain when a person receives an intramuscular injection into the deltoid region of the arm?
upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the...
uterine tube
Sensory and motor innervations of the skin of lateral and ventral surfaces of the body are provided by...
ventral ramus
Which of the following are spinal tracts within the subconscious motor pathways?
vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tracts, reticulospinal tracts {all of the above}
Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors?
visual activities
Cutting the ventral root of the spinal nerve at L2 would interrupt the transmission of what type of information?
voluntary motor output and ANS motor output