Anatomy Ch 24 the respiratory system

What are the primary respiratory muscles that actively increase the volume of the thorax for inhalation?

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Pulmonary ventilation is controlled by respiratory centers in the brain stem. The inspiratory center controls the motor neurons that innervate the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, while the expiratory center controls the motor neurons that innervate the accessory muscles responsible for active exhalation. Given what you know about eupnea and hyperpnea, which of the following statements about these centers is correct?

During eupnea, only the inspiratory center is active.

Which of the following prevents liquids or solids from entering the larynx when swallowing?

Epiglottis

Which of the following correctly describes the muscle surrounding the terminal bronchioles?

The autonomic nervous system regulates its activity.

Why are the lungs NOT perfectly bilateral?

The heart is found on the left side of the thorax, and thus the left lung must accommodate the presence of the heart.

Which of the following correctly describes the changes in volume and pressure associated with inhalation?

The thoracic cavity expands, internal pressure falls, and air flows into the lungs.

A cross-section of the trachea reveals that C-shaped cartilage rings are present. What is the function of these rings?

These rings keep the respiratory passage open.

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the __________.

Thyroid cartilage

The pharynx does NOT directly connect to the __________.

Trachea

Jan is quietly inhaling and exhaling, but she has recently flown into Denver, which is at high elevation; thus, her pace is a bit faster than normal, but not forced. Which center is NOT active during her inspirations?

Ventral respiratory group

If we were to examine cross-sections of the primary bronchi, then secondary, then tertiary, and finally the respiratory bronchioles, we would notice __________.

a decrease in the amount of hyaline cartilage

The unique C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea __________.

allow the expansion of the esophagus into the posterior region of the trachea during deglutition

Gas exchange is performed in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. In which of the following does that event occur?

alveoli

Alveoli are surrounded by which of the following?

capillaries

As you descend from the trachea to the alveoli, the amount of cartilage surrounding the passageway __________.

decreases

For which of the following activities is the respiratory system NOT responsible?

delivering oxygen-rich blood to the peripheral tissues

Primary inspiration muscles

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which of the following is NOT part of the palate, the separation between the nasal and oral cavities?

ethmoid

If Abby is running and is forcefully inhaling to bring in adequate oxygen, which of the following muscles is NOT contracting during her forceful inhalation?

internal intercostals

The respiratory membrane __________.

is comprised of two layers of simple squamous epithelium and their fused basement membrane.

The trachea __________.

is surrounded by C-shaped rings of cartilage

Which structure is considered to be most superior in location in the lower respiratory system?

larynx

The trachea __________.

lies anterior to the esophagus.

From largest to smallest, which is the correct sequence?

main bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles

]Which of the following is a passageway for both food and air?

oropharynx

Which type of cell produces an oily secretion to keep the alveoli from closing due to the surface tension of water in the lungs?

pneumocyte type II cell

Type II alveolar cells __________.

produce surfactant

The respiratory system __________.

provides a large surface area for gas diffusion

Accessory expiration muscles

rectus abdominus , internal intercostals

Accessory Inspiration muscles

sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, scalene muscles

Which of the following is found in the nasopharynx?

the opening for the auditory tube

The left lung has __________.

two secondary bronchi

The upper respiratory tract __________.

warms and humidifies incoming air

A person would be more likely to aspirate food into the right lung than the left lung because the right primary bronchus is __________ than the left primary bronchus.

wider