Anatomy Chapter 14
Decreased parasympathetic stimulation could cause __________.
a dry mouth
The parasympathetic neurotransmitter at target organs is __________.
acetylcholine Acetylcholine is released from synaptic terminals of postganglionic neurons and detected by muscarinic cholinergic receptors on target cells.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for stimulation of skeletal muscle and in the ANS?
acetylcholine Acetylcholine is used as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junctions, but it is also a neurotransmitter in the ANS.
Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________.
adrenergic
Nicotine is a drug that stimulates nicotinic receptors. It will have an effect __________.
at all autonomic ganglia Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are at both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
What is found between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc?
autonomic ganglion
A drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine will have the greatest affect on __________.
autonomic target cells
During sympathetic nervous system activity, what is NOT an effect of norepinephrine?
blood glucose levels decrease
Unlike autonomic motor neurons, somatic motor neurons __________.
can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them
What does the vagus nerve (CN X) innervate?
cardiac muscle cells
Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as __________.
cholinergic
Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are __________.
closer to the spinal cord
Most organs are innervated from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, referred to as __________.
dual innervation
Which of the following structures house the axons of sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
gray rami communicantes Gray rami communicantes are called gray because they are unmyelinated.
Postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system __________.
have cell bodies located within autonomic ganglia
Parasympathetic tone is normally dominant in the __________.
heart The parasympathetic nervous system is normally dominant in the heart and keeps the heart rate at an average of 72 beats per minute
A drug known as a beta-blocker should primarily affect __________
heart rate
Cocaine causes increased availability of norepinephrine. Which of the following will be an effect of cocaine?
hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release Other effects include increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Ephedrine is a protein extracted from a Chinese plant that acts similarly to epinephrine and acts on the same receptors. Ephedrine can cause __________.
increased heart rate Epinephrine is a sympathetic neurotransmitter, and is also released as a hormone from the adrenal medulla upon sympathetic stimulation. Ephedrine therefore has similar effects, and can lead to cardiac problems because of its effect on heart rate and blood pressure.
What organ is served by the parasympathetic sacral nerves?
last portion of the large intestine
The major neurotransmitter at sympathetic target organs is __________.
norepinephrine Norepinephrine is also called noradrenaline and binds to adrenergic receptors at the target organs.
Which nervous system division works antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system?
parasympathetic nervous system
In the last step of a visceral reflex arc, __________.
postganglionic neurons stimulate target cells
Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.
preganglionic neurons
Which of the following is NOT an organ innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
sweat glands Sweat glands, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, and the adrenal medulla are only innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS.
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found at __________.
sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia The receptors for ACh on postganglionic neurons are nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
How many instances of cell-cell communication are involved in the motor component of a visceral reflex arc?
two
Due to an accident, Lori's sacral nerves are severed. What do you expect to be affected by this injury?
urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine
muscarinic cholinergic receptor
Are found at target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Which of the following effects is NOT one of the characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system action on its target cells?
Bronchoconstriction The sympathetic division causes dilation of bronchioles, Vasoconstriction,Dilation of the pupil, and Increase in heart rate
Which of the following effects is one characteristic of the effects of the parasympathetic NS?
Increased salivary and digestive secretions being the ""rest and digest"" branch, causes increased salivation and increased digestive secretion.
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is often called the "rest and digest" division of the nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system is often described as the ""rest and digest"" division of the ANS. This reflects its role in digestion and in maintaining the body''s homeostasis when at rest.
Where are autonomic ganglia located?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?
somatic nervous system
Which of the following is called the "fight or flight" division of the nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is called the "fight or flight" division because of its role in preparing the body for emergency situations in which one would need to fight off an attacker or flee from danger. Furthermore, it maintains homeostasis when the body is engaged in any type of physical work and mediates the body's visceral responses to emotion.
What two systems are interfaced by the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system
Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that act as adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers will have an effect at __________.
sympathetic target organs
What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times?
sympathetic tone
Homeostatic functions are largely controlled centrally by the hypothalamus and the brainstem reticular formation.
the nervous system controls homeostasis.