Anatomy - Chapter 5

When the arrector pili muscles contract

"goose bumps" form on the skin.

Expanded knob at the base of the hair root

hair bulb

An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the

hair bulb.

Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths

hair follicle

Protrudes above the surface of the skin

hair shaft

The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the

hair shaft.

Skin color is the result of the

quantity of melanin in the skin.

The outer surface of the hair is called the

cuticle.

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called

cyanosis.

This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.

papillary layer

When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.

The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true? - The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis. - The epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules. - The epidermis contains numerous blood vessels. - The dermis is superficial to the epidermis. - The most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes.

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

Eccrine sweat glands

aid in cooling the body.

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? - stratum corneum - stratum basale - dermis - hypodermis - all of these layers

all of these layers

Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.

apocrine

Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have

approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.

Keratinocytes

are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end".

What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?

callus

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene.

Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin

cuticle

The stratum basale

contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.

The epidermis

contains no blood vessels.

Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin

cortex

Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called

dermal papillae.

Portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath

dermal root sheath

Deeper layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength

dermis

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the

dermis.

The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the _________ sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the __________ sweat glands.

eccrine, apocrine

Outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue

epidermis

The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the

epidermis.

Which of the following will help cool the body? - absorption of ultraviolet light rays by the skin - evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface - contraction of the arrector pili muscles - decreased blood flow to the skin - absorption of excess sweat

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.

first degree

Melanin production can be influenced by

genetics, hormones, exposure to sunlight, pregnancy

During the _________ stage, hair is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die. During the _________ stage, a new cycle begins and a new hair replaces the old hair, which falls out of the follicle.

growth, resting

This is the site of fat storage in the skin.

hypodermis

A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the

hypodermis.

The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the

hyponychium.

By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in

immunity.

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints

improve the grip of the hands.

Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.

increased, decreased

Melanin

is absent in individuals known as albinos.

When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis

is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.

The dermis

is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

Intact skin provides protection because

it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes.

What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

keratin

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called

keratinization.

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

lanugo hairs.

The activity of apocrine sweat glands

leads to body odor.

Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair

matrix

Central axis of the hair

medulla

The central axis of the hair is the

medulla.

The pigment that is primarily responsible for the color of the skin is ____________.

melanin

The vesicles that contain melanin are

melanosomes.

The distal portion of the nail is the

nail body.

Keratinization

produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

Nails

protect the ends of digits.

Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? - vitamin C production - protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun - fat production - vitamin A production - regulation of body pH

protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis.

reticular layer

The two layers of the dermis, from deep to superficial, are the

reticular layer and papillary layer.

The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the

root.

The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin is the

root.

The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the

rule of nines.

Skin glands do not include

salivary glands.

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?

second degree burn

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis

serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy.

That portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the

shaft.

The epidermis consists of ______________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

stratum basale

Layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial

stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

eight to ten layers of many-sided cells

stratum spinosum

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

stratum basale.

The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the

stratum basale.

This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

stratum corneum

contains 20-30 layers of dead cornified cells

stratum corneum

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

stratum granulosum

contains three to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells

stratum granulosum

Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following? - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum - stratum basale

stratum lucidum

This layer is found only in thick skin.

stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

stratum lucidum

thin, clear zone consisting of several layers of dead cells

stratum lucidum

In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?

stratum spinosum

Connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue

subcutaneous tissue

An increase in body temperature causes

sweating.

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called

terminal hairs.

As a person ages, the skin undergoes the following change(s):

the epidermis thins, the amount of collagen in the dermis decreases, the subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue

Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?

vitamin D

functions of integumentary system

vitamin D production, protection, excretion, temperature regulation, sensation

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin? - auburn - red - white - black - brown

white