Anatomy - Chapter 5
When the arrector pili muscles contract
"goose bumps" form on the skin.
Expanded knob at the base of the hair root
hair bulb
An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the
hair bulb.
Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths
hair follicle
Protrudes above the surface of the skin
hair shaft
The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the
hair shaft.
Skin color is the result of the
quantity of melanin in the skin.
The outer surface of the hair is called the
cuticle.
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called
cyanosis.
This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.
papillary layer
When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.
The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true? - The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis. - The epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules. - The epidermis contains numerous blood vessels. - The dermis is superficial to the epidermis. - The most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes.
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.
Eccrine sweat glands
aid in cooling the body.
If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? - stratum corneum - stratum basale - dermis - hypodermis - all of these layers
all of these layers
Body odor results from secretions from the ______ sweat glands.
apocrine
Light-skinned races such as Caucasians have
approximately the same number of melanocytes as races with darker skins.
Keratinocytes
are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale.
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to
become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end".
What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?
callus
A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is
carotene.
Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin
cuticle
The stratum basale
contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.
The epidermis
contains no blood vessels.
Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin
cortex
Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called
dermal papillae.
Portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath
dermal root sheath
Deeper layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength
dermis
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the
dermis.
The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the _________ sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the __________ sweat glands.
eccrine, apocrine
Outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue
epidermis
The layer of epithelium that covers the skin is called the
epidermis.
Which of the following will help cool the body? - absorption of ultraviolet light rays by the skin - evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface - contraction of the arrector pili muscles - decreased blood flow to the skin - absorption of excess sweat
evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface
A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn.
first degree
Melanin production can be influenced by
genetics, hormones, exposure to sunlight, pregnancy
During the _________ stage, hair is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die. During the _________ stage, a new cycle begins and a new hair replaces the old hair, which falls out of the follicle.
growth, resting
This is the site of fat storage in the skin.
hypodermis
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the
hypodermis.
The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the
hyponychium.
By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in
immunity.
Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into fingerprints
improve the grip of the hands.
Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.
increased, decreased
Melanin
is absent in individuals known as albinos.
When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis
is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.
Thick skin
is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.
Intact skin provides protection because
it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes.
What protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?
keratin
As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called
keratinization.
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called
lanugo hairs.
The activity of apocrine sweat glands
leads to body odor.
Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair
matrix
Central axis of the hair
medulla
The central axis of the hair is the
medulla.
The pigment that is primarily responsible for the color of the skin is ____________.
melanin
The vesicles that contain melanin are
melanosomes.
The distal portion of the nail is the
nail body.
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.
Nails
protect the ends of digits.
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? - vitamin C production - protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun - fat production - vitamin A production - regulation of body pH
protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis.
reticular layer
The two layers of the dermis, from deep to superficial, are the
reticular layer and papillary layer.
The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the
root.
The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin is the
root.
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the
rule of nines.
Skin glands do not include
salivary glands.
Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. He has what type of burn?
second degree burn
Adipose tissue in the hypodermis
serves as a storage site for fat, which can be used for energy.
That portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the
shaft.
The epidermis consists of ______________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
stratum basale
Layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial
stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
eight to ten layers of many-sided cells
stratum spinosum
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
stratum basale.
The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the
stratum basale.
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
stratum corneum
contains 20-30 layers of dead cornified cells
stratum corneum
In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?
stratum granulosum
contains three to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells
stratum granulosum
Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following? - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum - stratum basale
stratum lucidum
This layer is found only in thick skin.
stratum lucidum
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?
stratum lucidum
thin, clear zone consisting of several layers of dead cells
stratum lucidum
In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?
stratum spinosum
Connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue
subcutaneous tissue
An increase in body temperature causes
sweating.
At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called
terminal hairs.
As a person ages, the skin undergoes the following change(s):
the epidermis thins, the amount of collagen in the dermis decreases, the subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue
Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?
vitamin D
functions of integumentary system
vitamin D production, protection, excretion, temperature regulation, sensation
Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin? - auburn - red - white - black - brown
white