Anatomy Exam 1

holocrine glands

whole cell ruptures and dies old cells replaced by mitosis

synchondrosis

bones connected by hyaline cartilage synarthrosis epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints cartilaginous

Syndesmosis

bones held together by interosseous ligaments amphiarthrosis between radius and ulna / tibia and fibula fibrous

osteoclasts

breakdown and resorb of bone formed from fused red bone marrow cells

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

contains keratin consists of dead cells

hair

continuously replaced and lost sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscle heat retention

Fibrous Joints

dense regular CT connects bones no joint cavity or space between bone

compact bone

forms dense, hard outer casing of all bones composed of osteons resist forces from weight and movement

spongy bone

forms light thin inner network of bone resist forces from multiple directions flat bones and ends of long bones

osteocytes

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

Saddle

wide range of movement 1st metacarpal

2/3 step endochondral ossification definition

2. Cartilage clacifies and periosteal bone collar -chondrocytes enlarge and resorb part of cartilage -cartilage undergoes calcification -chondrocytes die, leaving hardened matrix 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels -cells in perichondrium turn into osteoblasts -perichondrium transformed into periosteum

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 layers flattened keratinocytes keratinocytes die here (keratinization)

3rd step of intramembranous ossification

3. Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form -woven bone = 1st draft -mesenchymal cells that surround woven bone thicken to eventually become bone

4th step of intramembranous ossification

4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone -immature woven bone is replaced with mature lamellar bone -inside and outside surfaces become compact bone -internal structure modified to become spongy bone

perforating fibers

anchor periosteum to bone very vascular

Condylar

biaxial movements Metacarpal

symphysis

bones connected by fibrocartilage amphiarthrosis intervertebral discs / pubic synthesis cartilaginous

Cartilaginous Joints

cartilage binds bones no joint cavity

How does bone marrow change with age?

child: red bone marrow in almost all spongy bone Adult: red bone marrow restricted to axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

cartilage

chondrocytes surrounded by perichondrium

tactile cells

few in number stratum basale only connect nerve endings tactile (touch) sensation

dense irregular CT

fibroblasts good vascularity strength and support / stress in many directions

dense regular CT

fibroblasts poor vascularity fibers running parallel strength and support in one direction

areolar connective tissue

fibroblasts very vascular packing and binding material subcutaneous layer

elastic cartilage

flexibility and strength external ear

ossification

formation and growth of bone tissue

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

medullary cavity

hollow inside of diaphysis lined with endosteum yellow bone marrow

sebaceous glands

holocrine glands secrete sebum

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses reduce friction between connecting bones

epiphyseal plate

hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis lengthwise bone growth

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that create bone secrete osteoid

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

melanocytes

in stratum basale only produce melanin produce skin color

interstitial lamellae

incomplete remnants of osteon

spongy bone

inner lattice work of bone

irregular bones

irregular and varied shapes vertebra and os coxae

Functions of Integument

keeps pathogens out, barrier to UV rays water resistant temperature regulation secretion Vitamin D synthesis

dermis

layer deep to epidermis dense irregular connective tissue vascular

Synovial Joints

ligaments support articulating bones bone ends separated by a joint cavity

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

living cells and moist

short bone

long as they are wide distribute and transfer forces across multiple bones carpal and tarsal

skeletal muscle tissue

long cylindrical multinucleated nuclei at periphery of cell striations

long bone

longer than they are wide most common levers joints pivots femur, humerus, tibia, fibula

merocrine glands

most common secretion passes from cell cell remains intact saliva

Keratinocytes

most numerous found throughout all layer produce keratin undergo mitosis

epidermis

most superficial layer keratinized stratisfied squamous epithelium avascular

stratum corneum

most superficial layer most superficial layers are constantly shed

papillary layer

most superficial layer of dermis dermal papillae

Hinge

permits bending in only one plane most common type elbow / knee / PIP / DIP synovial

Pivot

permits rotational movement about a longitudinal axis atlas / axis

endochondral ossification definition

pre-existing tissue is hyaline cartilage most other bones in the body

intramembranous ossification definition

pre-existing tissue is mesenchyme flat bones of skull

keratinization

process where nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cell fills up with the protein keratin starts in granulosum and ends in corneum layer

hematopoiesis

production of blood cells in red bone marrow

dermal papillae

projections that interlock with epidermal ridges

Peseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium

protection upper respiratory tract

ball and socket

provides the greatest range of motion hip joint / shoulder joint

flat bone

relatively thin with broad surface for muscle attachment thin layer of spongy bone bones of skull

circumferential lamellae

rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft

Gomphosis

root of tooth attached to jaw by periodontal membranes synarthrosis fibrous

simple columnar epithelium

secretion and absorption lines most gastrointestional tract

simple cuboidal epithelium

secretion and absorption tubes of kidney

epidermal ridges

sections that interlock with dermis

Stratum Spinosum

several layers of polygonal shaped keratinocytes still living contain epidermal dentritic cells

Plane

side to side movements between carpal / tarsal bones synovial

stratum basale

single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane divide very mitotically contain melanocytes and tactile cells

integumentary system

skin, exocrine glands, hair, nails

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Smooth muscle

spindle shaped cells one central nucleus no stiations move material through hollow organs

apocrine glands

top part of cell pinched off becomes secretion cell repairs itself and remains functional mammary glands

2nd step of intramembranous ossification

2. Osteoid within the bone matrix undergoes calcification -minerals deposited in osteoid and the bone hardens -once calcified, osteoblasts trapped within the new bone matrix becomes osteocytes

1st step of intramembranous ossification

1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of the mesenchyme -mesenchymal cells turn into osteoblasts -osteoblasts secrete osteoid

6th step endochondral ossification definition

Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate -epiphyseal plate responsible for length wise growth -active for 15-25 years

7th endochondral ossification definition

Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines -epiphyseal line: thin plate of compact bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

1st step in endochondral ossification definition

Fetal hyaline cartilage model of bone develops -made by chondrocytes -outside tissue is called perichondrium

4th step endochondral ossification definition

Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis -blood vessels and osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage -osteoblasts secrete osteoid -bone replaces degenerating cartilage

5th endochondral ossification definition

Secondary ossification centers with epiphysis -osteoclasts resorb some of the bone in the matrix creating medullary cavity

epiphysis

ends of the bone outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone

adipose tissue

adipocytes energy storage, insulation and protection subcutaneous layer and surrounds some organs

diaphysis

cylindrical shaft containing medullary cavity compact bone

subcutaneous layer

deep to integument stores fat and anchors integument to underlying tissue areolar and adipose connective tissue

reticular layer

deep to papillary layer contains secretory portion of sweat glands oil glands and hair follicles

periosteum

dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of bone growth in width not found on articular surfaces

Suture

dense regular CT binds bones synarthrosis coronal lambdoid sagittal sutures fibrous

simple squamous epithelium

diffusion and filtration lumens of organs

epidermal dendritic cells

eat up foreign materials that penetrate epidermis stratum spinosum

cardiac muscle

only found in heart short cylindrical cells intercalated discs

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin 2-3 layers of flattened pale keratinocytes

bones

organs composed a variety of tissues

Bone

osteocytes surrounded by periosteum solid matrix and very vascular

nails

straum corneum protects fingers and toes help grasp objects

transitional epithelium

stretching and relaxing bladder

osteology

study of bones

hyaline cartilage

support / smooth surface for joint movement joint surfaces and trachea

fibrocartilage

support / withstand compression intervertebral discs