Anatomy Exam 1
holocrine glands
whole cell ruptures and dies old cells replaced by mitosis
synchondrosis
bones connected by hyaline cartilage synarthrosis epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints cartilaginous
Syndesmosis
bones held together by interosseous ligaments amphiarthrosis between radius and ulna / tibia and fibula fibrous
osteoclasts
breakdown and resorb of bone formed from fused red bone marrow cells
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
contains keratin consists of dead cells
hair
continuously replaced and lost sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscle heat retention
Fibrous Joints
dense regular CT connects bones no joint cavity or space between bone
compact bone
forms dense, hard outer casing of all bones composed of osteons resist forces from weight and movement
spongy bone
forms light thin inner network of bone resist forces from multiple directions flat bones and ends of long bones
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
Saddle
wide range of movement 1st metacarpal
2/3 step endochondral ossification definition
2. Cartilage clacifies and periosteal bone collar -chondrocytes enlarge and resorb part of cartilage -cartilage undergoes calcification -chondrocytes die, leaving hardened matrix 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels -cells in perichondrium turn into osteoblasts -perichondrium transformed into periosteum
Stratum Granulosum
3-5 layers flattened keratinocytes keratinocytes die here (keratinization)
3rd step of intramembranous ossification
3. Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form -woven bone = 1st draft -mesenchymal cells that surround woven bone thicken to eventually become bone
4th step of intramembranous ossification
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone -immature woven bone is replaced with mature lamellar bone -inside and outside surfaces become compact bone -internal structure modified to become spongy bone
perforating fibers
anchor periosteum to bone very vascular
Condylar
biaxial movements Metacarpal
symphysis
bones connected by fibrocartilage amphiarthrosis intervertebral discs / pubic synthesis cartilaginous
Cartilaginous Joints
cartilage binds bones no joint cavity
How does bone marrow change with age?
child: red bone marrow in almost all spongy bone Adult: red bone marrow restricted to axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
cartilage
chondrocytes surrounded by perichondrium
tactile cells
few in number stratum basale only connect nerve endings tactile (touch) sensation
dense irregular CT
fibroblasts good vascularity strength and support / stress in many directions
dense regular CT
fibroblasts poor vascularity fibers running parallel strength and support in one direction
areolar connective tissue
fibroblasts very vascular packing and binding material subcutaneous layer
elastic cartilage
flexibility and strength external ear
ossification
formation and growth of bone tissue
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
medullary cavity
hollow inside of diaphysis lined with endosteum yellow bone marrow
sebaceous glands
holocrine glands secrete sebum
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage on the epiphyses reduce friction between connecting bones
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis lengthwise bone growth
osteoblasts
immature bone cells that create bone secrete osteoid
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
melanocytes
in stratum basale only produce melanin produce skin color
interstitial lamellae
incomplete remnants of osteon
spongy bone
inner lattice work of bone
irregular bones
irregular and varied shapes vertebra and os coxae
Functions of Integument
keeps pathogens out, barrier to UV rays water resistant temperature regulation secretion Vitamin D synthesis
dermis
layer deep to epidermis dense irregular connective tissue vascular
Synovial Joints
ligaments support articulating bones bone ends separated by a joint cavity
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
living cells and moist
short bone
long as they are wide distribute and transfer forces across multiple bones carpal and tarsal
skeletal muscle tissue
long cylindrical multinucleated nuclei at periphery of cell striations
long bone
longer than they are wide most common levers joints pivots femur, humerus, tibia, fibula
merocrine glands
most common secretion passes from cell cell remains intact saliva
Keratinocytes
most numerous found throughout all layer produce keratin undergo mitosis
epidermis
most superficial layer keratinized stratisfied squamous epithelium avascular
stratum corneum
most superficial layer most superficial layers are constantly shed
papillary layer
most superficial layer of dermis dermal papillae
Hinge
permits bending in only one plane most common type elbow / knee / PIP / DIP synovial
Pivot
permits rotational movement about a longitudinal axis atlas / axis
endochondral ossification definition
pre-existing tissue is hyaline cartilage most other bones in the body
intramembranous ossification definition
pre-existing tissue is mesenchyme flat bones of skull
keratinization
process where nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cell fills up with the protein keratin starts in granulosum and ends in corneum layer
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells in red bone marrow
dermal papillae
projections that interlock with epidermal ridges
Peseudostratified cilated columnar epithelium
protection upper respiratory tract
ball and socket
provides the greatest range of motion hip joint / shoulder joint
flat bone
relatively thin with broad surface for muscle attachment thin layer of spongy bone bones of skull
circumferential lamellae
rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft
Gomphosis
root of tooth attached to jaw by periodontal membranes synarthrosis fibrous
simple columnar epithelium
secretion and absorption lines most gastrointestional tract
simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption tubes of kidney
epidermal ridges
sections that interlock with dermis
Stratum Spinosum
several layers of polygonal shaped keratinocytes still living contain epidermal dentritic cells
Plane
side to side movements between carpal / tarsal bones synovial
stratum basale
single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane divide very mitotically contain melanocytes and tactile cells
integumentary system
skin, exocrine glands, hair, nails
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
Smooth muscle
spindle shaped cells one central nucleus no stiations move material through hollow organs
apocrine glands
top part of cell pinched off becomes secretion cell repairs itself and remains functional mammary glands
2nd step of intramembranous ossification
2. Osteoid within the bone matrix undergoes calcification -minerals deposited in osteoid and the bone hardens -once calcified, osteoblasts trapped within the new bone matrix becomes osteocytes
1st step of intramembranous ossification
1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of the mesenchyme -mesenchymal cells turn into osteoblasts -osteoblasts secrete osteoid
6th step endochondral ossification definition
Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate -epiphyseal plate responsible for length wise growth -active for 15-25 years
7th endochondral ossification definition
Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines -epiphyseal line: thin plate of compact bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
1st step in endochondral ossification definition
Fetal hyaline cartilage model of bone develops -made by chondrocytes -outside tissue is called perichondrium
4th step endochondral ossification definition
Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis -blood vessels and osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage -osteoblasts secrete osteoid -bone replaces degenerating cartilage
5th endochondral ossification definition
Secondary ossification centers with epiphysis -osteoclasts resorb some of the bone in the matrix creating medullary cavity
epiphysis
ends of the bone outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
adipose tissue
adipocytes energy storage, insulation and protection subcutaneous layer and surrounds some organs
diaphysis
cylindrical shaft containing medullary cavity compact bone
subcutaneous layer
deep to integument stores fat and anchors integument to underlying tissue areolar and adipose connective tissue
reticular layer
deep to papillary layer contains secretory portion of sweat glands oil glands and hair follicles
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outside of bone growth in width not found on articular surfaces
Suture
dense regular CT binds bones synarthrosis coronal lambdoid sagittal sutures fibrous
simple squamous epithelium
diffusion and filtration lumens of organs
epidermal dendritic cells
eat up foreign materials that penetrate epidermis stratum spinosum
cardiac muscle
only found in heart short cylindrical cells intercalated discs
stratum lucidum
only in thick skin 2-3 layers of flattened pale keratinocytes
bones
organs composed a variety of tissues
Bone
osteocytes surrounded by periosteum solid matrix and very vascular
nails
straum corneum protects fingers and toes help grasp objects
transitional epithelium
stretching and relaxing bladder
osteology
study of bones
hyaline cartilage
support / smooth surface for joint movement joint surfaces and trachea
fibrocartilage
support / withstand compression intervertebral discs