Anatomy Exam 2

Organ

- A collective group of tissues that work toward a common function

3. Melanin

- Absorbs UV radiation from sunlight, Sunlight triggers melanocytes to synthesize melanin, Gets deposited in melanosomes.

38. Thyroid

- Acts as receptors

23. Osteoporosis

- Balance shifts in favor of bone loss, especially in women past menopause, due to hormonal changes

21. osteocytes

- Bone cells

24. intramembranous bones

- Bones that form between sheets of connective tissue, flat bones

28. endochondral bones

- Bones that form from cartilage molds

22. Osteoclasts

- Breaks apart bone

20. osteoblasts

- Build bone

18. Acne

- Build up of bacteria and sweat

29. Ossification

- Building and degrading of bones

10. Basal cell carcinoma

- Cells of the stratum basal no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis, Invade dermis

9. squamous cell carcinoma

- Cells of the stratum spinosum divide out of control, Accumulate in epidermis

2. Melanocytes

- Contain organelles called melanosomes, Produce melanin

1. tactile cells

- Correspond with a nerve, Sensory, respond to light pressure

40. fibrous joints

- Dense connective tissue holding bones together, bones in close contact, includes collagen Ex: Skull

20. apocrine glands

- Ducts open into hair follicles

14. nail bed

- Epethilial cells that are in contact with the nail

35. yellow marrow

- Fatty marrow inside Diaphysis

1. What is an intramembranous bone? How do intramembranous bones form?

- Flat bones that from in between sheets of connective tissue

19. epiphyseal plates

- Growth plates

15. nail plate

- Hard surface on the distal portion of your digits

19. merocrine glands

- Help regulate body temp

17. Spongy bone

- Interior, holes are the trabeculae

11. malignant melanoma

- Melanocyte cells divide out of control, Originates in a mole or birthmark • Irregular shape, Accumulate in epidermis cause pigmented tumors

27. Periosteum

- Membrane next to (outside) the bone

30. Tendons connect _________________ to ________________

- Muscle to bone

1. Dendritic cells

- Phagocyte, Immune protection

4. keratinization

- Process that sends dead epidermis cells to the top

12. arrector pili muscle

- Smooth muscle attached to a hair follicle

25. Fontanels

- Soft spots

21. mammary gland

- The organ's primary function is to secrete milk

13. lunula

- Thickened hald moon at the base of the nail plate, covers the actively growing region

16. Compact bone

- Wall of bone

9. adipocytes

- a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue.

6. Adipose

- a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes

2. Fibroblasts

- a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue

31. ligament

- bone to bone

7. stratum granulosum

- cells begin to lose their nucleus

5. Stratum Corneum

- dead layer of cells full of keratin

5. subcutaneous layer

- deepest layer of your skin

8. Stratum Basale

- dividing layer

13. extracellular matrix

- is an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner

17. sebum

- is an oily substance that protects your skin from drying out.

1. Skin

- is an organ, makes up integumentary system.

37. Hemoglobin

- is the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

12. Stratum Lucidum

- layer below the epidermis composed of connective tissue

16. sebaceous glands

- microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum.

4. Dermal papillae

- of the hair follicle is both a chemical and physical niche for epithelial progenitor cells that regenerate the cycling portion of the hair follicle and generate the hair shaft.

32. Hematopoiesis

- production of Blood cells and platletes

1. Hair root

- region of progenitor cells

1. Connective tissue

- supporting organs and cells, transporting nutrients and wastes, defending against pathogens, storing fat, and repairing damaged tissues, is composed primarily of an extracellular matrix and a limited number of cells.

6. stratum lucidum

- thickened areas such as palms of hands and soles of feet

36. bone marrow transplant

- transplant bone marrow to cure a disease

10. hair follicle

- tubs like depression with specialized cells

8. asvascular

-Lack of blood

1. What is a ligament?

Attach muscle to bone.

1. What is a tendon?

Attach muscle to bone.

16. What is the physiological basis of osteoporosis?

Balance shifts in favor of bone loss, especially in women past menopause, due to hormonal changes • This imbalance may progress to osteopenia or the more severe osteoporosis

The different types of skin cancer (name, where in the skin the cancer cells form).

Basal Cell Carcinoma: - Cells of the stratum basal no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis - Invade dermis Squamous Cell Carcinoma: - Cells of the stratum spinosum divide out of control - Accumulate in epidermis Malignant Melanoma: - Melanocyte cells divide out of control - Originates in a mole or birthmark • Irregular shape • Change in color/uneven color • Increase in size - Accumulate in epidermis cause pigmented tumors - Melanoma accounts for only 4% of skin cancers but for 80% of skin cancer deaths.

Define what a bed sore is and explain why people get bed sores.

Bedsores are ulcers that happen on areas of the skin that are under pressure from lying in bed, sitting in a wheelchair, or wearing a cast for a prolonged time.

7. vascular

Blood

1. What are the four components to the skeletal system?

Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons

1. Basement membrane

Bottom layer

1. Discuss the features of cartilage and chondrocytes.

Cartilage connects bone and is cushion. Chondrocytes make cartilage.

1. Define and discuss the role of chondrocytes, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Chondrocytes create new cartilage. Osteocytes are the bone cells. Osteoblasts build up bone. Osteoclasts take apart or break down bone.

Be able to describe the anatomy and physiology of melanocytes: What are they? Where are melanocytes found? What do melanocytes do? What is melanin's role in your body?

Contains organelles called melanosomes, and they produce melanin, melanin creates our skin tone

1. Describe the general structure of a long bone and list the functions of its parts.

Diaphysis- Shaft and its hollow Medullary Cavity- The hollow region in Diaphysis Endosteum- Membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Metaphysis- In between Diaphysis and Epiphysis Marrow- Fills medullary cavity. Epiphysis- Enlarged region at the end of long bones Epiphyseal plates- Growth plates Articular Cartilage- on ends, bone to bone, cushion Periosteum- membrane outside of bone Compact bone- Walls Spongy bone- Interior Trabeculae- Empty space in spongy bone

1. Integumentary System

External body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors (pain/pressure) and sweat/oil glands. EX: Hair, Skin, Nails

What is collagen?

Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

1. How do endochondral bones form and grow? Be able to describe growth at the epiphyseal plate.

Form in a cartilage mold It's a gap where over time it shrinks, and the bone fills in the place of the epiphyseal plate.

Why does someone go bald?

Hair follicle begins to shrink, Short hairs are synthesized but don't make it past the opening of the follicle, Follicle may still be alive and active, it's just not able to produce a hair

Describe the anatomy and physiology of the accessory organs associated with skin. Know the key terms for these accessory structures.

Hair, Nails, and Glands

1. Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bones.

Intramembranous- Flat bones that from in between sheets of connectivbe tissue Endochondral- Cartilage becoming bone.

1. Why is bone described as an active tissue?

It is constantly remodeled by the work of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts continuously make new bone, and osteoclasts keep breaking down bone

3. bed sores/pressure ulcers

Laying down then you hurt

1. What are the shapes of our bones? What is an example of each?

Long-Femur Short-Radius Round-Patella Flat-Skull Irregular-Vertebrae

1. Why is a bone considered an organ.

Made up of tissue that work towards a cause.

Discuss the two main type of sweat glands that you have. Which are activated because your body temperature increases? Which are activated under stress?

Merocrine- regulate body temp, located on forehead neck and back Apocrine- Activate during puberty, ducts open into hair follicles

The anatomy and physiology involved in getting a tattoo.

Needles puts ink into the Dermis

1. What influences bone growth?

Nutrition (Vitamins D, A, C and K), Sunlight, Physical exercise

What is the definition of an organ? Why is skin considered an organ?

Organ: a structure of organized tissues working together for a common function Skin is an organ because of the tissues it's made of all working together

1. Epidermis

Outermost layer of the skin

16. What is hematopoiesis? Where and when does it occur during development and during your life?

Production of blood cells and platelets In Bone marrow - Red marrow - Yellow marrow

List the general functions of the integumentary system.

Protection, Sensation, Vitamin D production, Body temperature regulation, Wound healing

16. Be able to describe what a bone marrow transplant is.

Replacing stems cells to cure a disease.

1. Discuss why we needed fontanels and what they are.

Soft spots. We need them to be able to fit out of our moms

Summarize the factors that determine skin color.

Tanning, Diversity, diet

What is keratinization and why is it important for your health?

The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they're cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin.

33. hematopoietic stem cell

multipotent primitive cells that can develop into all types of blood cells

34. red marrow

produces blood cells (hematopoiesis).

What layers make up the epidermis?

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

26. Perichondrium

the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.

39. Joints

the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement

18. articular cartilage

the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.

16. List three classes of joints, describe their characteristics and name an example of each.

• Fibrous- Dense connective tissue holding bones together - Includes collagen • Bones in close contact • Examples - bones in skull, tibia, and fibula in leg • Cartilaginous- Cartilage connects bones • Examples: ribs and vertebrae • Synovial- Most of our joints, More complex - Some cartilage - Synovial fluid - Synovial membrane - Ligaments

16. What role does calcium play in your body? Be able to discuss the homeostatic mechanism involved in regulating calcium levels in your body (what happens when calcium levels are too low in your blood? Too high?).

• Muscle contraction • Nerve impulses • Blood clotting • Metabolism

16. Discuss the major functions of bones.

• Support and protect • Body movements - Joints and joint movements • Blood cell formation • Inorganic salt storage

Describe the structure of the two divisions of skin (i.e., epidermis and dermis). Include in your discussion which tissues compose these divisions. Be able to identify these tissues from a figure. List the general functions of each layer of skin.

•Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium; the superficial layer of the skin Dermis: layer below the epidermis composed of connective tissue Subcutaneous layer: also known as the hypodermis or superficial fascia, is the layer of tissue that underlies the skin