Anatomy Exam 2
Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone. 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels. 4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone. 5. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.
3, 5, 2, 1, 4
If actin filaments were incapable of sliding past the myosin filaments.
Contraction would not occur, and tension would not be generate
Extensibility and elasticity are very different things, but both occur in muscle fibers. What would happen if a muscle fiber were extensible but not elastic?
It would stretch but not return to its original shape
Which of the following events does NOT happen during endochondral ossification?
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
Which of the following events happens during intramembranous ossification?
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
While making your flashcards, you see that skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. Why do skeletal muscle cells have this property?
Multinucleation is an advantage because of skeletal muscle fiber size and the amount of protein synthesis that takes place in these metabolically active cells.
A patient with myasthenia gravis, a disease that destroys acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate, will display all the symptoms except
Muscle hypertrophy
A new type of tissue is discovered, and it is determined to have similar structures among its cells. After examining the function of the tissue carefully, you classify this tissue as
Muscle tissue, because the structure and function are similar to those of the other types of muscle tissues.
During the crossbridge cycle, what binds actin to pull the thin filament past the thick filament closer to the M line?
Myosin head
Predict the effect of growth hormone deficiency during childhood.
Short stature
Why would it be detrimental if the digestive tract had stratified columnar epithelium instead of simple columnar epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium would be too thick to allow diffusion of water and nutrients into the blood stream.
Which of the following functions is not associated epithelial tissues?
Support
A patient with osteoarthritis in the knee suffers from severe pain. The orthopedic tells the patient, along with a breakdown of her articular cartilage, there is a reduction of synovial fluid. Why would a lack of synovial fluid influence and increase the pain?
Synovial fluid lubricates the joint to provide smooth movement.
Question 2:Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as
T-tubules
Dr. Riehm shows you an unlabeled tissue slide and says the tissue is very resistant to stretching, tearing, and compression. He then asks you what you can conclude about the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
The ECM has abundant collagen fibers in a gel-like ground substance.
Tissue repair and healing depends on adequate supplies of all of the following EXCEPT:
Vitamin D from the diet
Which of these most likely occurred to change a muscle fiber's membrane potential from -90 mV to -95 mV?
Which of these most likely occurred to change a muscle fiber's membrane potential from -90 mV to -95 mV? More positively charged ions left the cytosol than entered the cell.
Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?
Zone of proliferation
Gap junctions will most likely be found in cells that
are able to pass ions from one cell to the next
If a bone is lacking collagen in its organic matrix, such as with the disease osteogenesis imperfecta, the bone would
be brittle and shatter easily
For a person who starts running for exercise
bone deposition exceeds bone resorption
You are observing a tissue under the microscope and notice dark concentric circles of matrix and osteocytes in lacunae. You identify this tissue as
bone tissue
If primary bone were not replaced by secondary bone,
bone would be less resistant to tensile and compressive forces
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital bone disease caused by a collagen deficiency. Which of the following would be a symptom of osteogenesis imperfecta?
brittle bones
Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for
calcium
Tissues are structurally more complex than
cells
The major organic component of bone extracellular matrix is
collagen
As you examine a slide under the microscope, you see pink wavy lines. You identify them as
collagen fibers
Salivary glands are spherical exocrine glands with branched ducts. You would classify them as
compound acinar glands
As you examine a slide under the microscope, you see multiple cell types surrounded by abundant ECM and protein fibers. You identify this tissue type as
connective tissue
Which of these tissue types has the most abundant ECM?
connective tissue
The skin is also called the
cutaneous membrane
If the Na+ voltage-gated channels in a muscle cell open, what will be the result?
depolarization
Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the
diaphysis
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the
diaphysis
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as
endocrine
Which of the following wraps and surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber?
endomysium
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. Which of the following will NOT be affected by scurvy?
epidermis of skin
Since sweat is secreted onto the skin, you know that sweat glands are __________ glands and their products have effects on __________ cells.
exocrine; local
Which of the following is constructed of elastic cartilage?
external ear
Appositional growth allows bones to
grow in width
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
heart
The study of normal tissue structure is called
histology
Which of the following gives bone its strength and ability to withstand compression and protect?
hydroxyapatite crystals
While researching muscle contraction, you discover that action potentials are not reaching the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and in turn calcium ions are not being released into the cytosol. You hypothesize that there is must be a mutation
in the T-tubules preventing action potentials from reaching the terminal cisternae.
Which of the following is not one of the effects of growth hormone on bones?
increase in the activity of osteoclast
In certain diseases, osteoclast activity takes over osteoblast activity, which will cause the bone to
increase the breakdown of the ECM without it being rebuilt, leading to a weakening of the bone.
Whose bone marrow is mostly red?
infants
The electrical gradient would drive the movement of Na+ ions
into the cytosol
Flat bones such as the bones of the skull form via
intramembranous ossification
If the stomach were lined with serous membrane instead of a mucus membrane,
it would not be able to protect the stomach against its acidic cont
Small cavities that are located between lamellae and contain osteocytes are called
lacunae
In which of the following locations would you expect to find simple columnar epithelium?
lining of the digestive tract
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
lining of the small intestine
The immediate result of acetylcholine binding to receptors on the motor end plate is
local depolarization of the sarcolemma
Which shape of bone contains a medullary cavity and epiphyseal lines?
long
Bone growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate in
long bones
Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as
long bones
Severe allergic reactions cause a wide-spread release of histamine and inflammation. The connective tissue cells involved are the
mast cells
A thin sheet of one or more tissues that lines a body surface or cavity is called a(n)
membrane
The folded region of sarcolemma found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is called the
motor end plate
Striations are a structural feature associated with some
muscle cells
Which of the following proteins is a component of thick filaments?
myosin
During the power stoke of muscle contraction,
myosin heads pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere
The tissue responsible for conducting electrical signals and controlling the function of other tissues in the body is
nervous tissue
The supportive cells of nervous tissue are called
neuroglial cells
Tumors in the nervous system would involve
neuroglial cells because they are capable of mitosis.
Bone cells that are found in the endosteum and periosteum and build new bone matrix are called
osteoblasts
Which type of cell is responsible for bone deposition?
osteoblasts
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
The large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption are called
osteoclasts
The structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons
Which of the following hormones does NOT cause bone growth?
parathyroid hormone
The ECM of blood is known as
plasma
Which of the following promotes bone resorption?
pressure
Blood vessels contain many tight junctions between their cells to...
prevent solutes and fluid from leaking out of the blood into the extracellular matrix.
The type of bone that has irregularly arranged collagen bundles, abundant osteocytes, and little inorganic matrix, is classified as
primary bone
If a patient is given a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), you would expect to see
prolonged muscle contraction
The type of tissue repair, in which stem cells give rise to new cells to replace dead or damaged cells, is called
regeneration
Tissue repair in epithelial tissues is usually by
regeneration
Compact bone forms concentric rings that make it extremely hard and strong to
resist stress and protect the inner spongy bone.
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the
sarcolemma
What is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells called?
sarcolemma
During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium is released from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The type of bone that has fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles and a higher percentage of inorganic matrix is classified as
secondary bone
You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be
simple columnar epithelium
Which tissue will mostly likely be found lining organs where substances have to easily diffuse across, such as the intestines and the lungs?
simple epithelium
You are observing a tissue under the microscope and see long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate cells, arranged parallel to each other. You identify this tissue as
skeletal muscle
The type of involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels is
smooth muscle
While studying the properties of a muscle in the laboratory, you observe that the muscle is involuntary and does not have striations or T-tubules. You determine that this muscle is
smooth muscle
Keratinized, dead cells are associated with
stratified squamous epithelium
What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common?
striations
What lubricates movable joints such as the hip, knee, and elbow?
synovial fluid
Which of the following is NOT a location of reticular tissue?
tendons
When the sarcomere contracts and shortens
the A band stays the same
If the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle lost their functionality...
the heart muscle would not be able to contract in unison.
The direction of the electrochemical gradient for Na+ is:
the same as the concentration gradient for Na+
During testing of a young girl, a doctor found an elevated level of estrogen caused by a tumor. He informed the parents to expect
the young girl to show significant growth in a very short period but her overall height to be less than average.
Troponin and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins that block the active sites of actin when the muscle is relaxed, and expose the active sites when the muscle is contracting. If troponin were unable to bind to tropomyosin.
they would not be able to turn on and off the process of muscle contraction.
Which of the following types of junctions does not allow macromolecules to pass in the space between cells or between neighboring cells?
tight junctions
Histology is the study of
tissues
Which of the following proteins forms elastic filaments?
titin
The function of yellow bone marrow is
triglyceride storage
Titin is a spring-shaped elastic protein that attaches to the thick filament and anchors it to the Z-discs of a sarcomere. If titan was denatured, making it straight, it would no longer be able to:
uncoil when stretched and recoil when the force is removed.
During the repolarization stage of a muscle action potential,
voltage-gated potassium ion channels open and potassium ions leave the cell
If osteoclasts failed to function properly during ossification,
weaker, less organized primary bone would remain.
If the axon of a neuron was poisoned, the neuron
would not be able to transmit a signal to target cells.
How long does bone repair generally take?
6-8 weeks
Which of the following best describes actin filaments?
A thin filament made of two intertwining strands whose subunits bind together like beads on a string
The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is
Acetylcholine
Which chemical is contained within the synaptic vesicles released from the axon terminal of motor neurons?
Acetylcholine
Which of these is not a function of the cytoskeleton?
Allows substances to be transported into and out of the cell
A natural result of aging is the thinning of the stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermal layer of the skin. What effects would you expect to see in the epidermis as this layer gets thinner?
As the epidermis thins, there will be higher incidences of lacerations in the elderly, due to the skin's inability to resist mechanical stresses.
Which of the following happens closest to the diaphysis of a bone that is growing in length?
Calcified cartilage is replaced with bone
Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Calcitonin
Which of the following is NOT a function of membranes?
Conducting electrical impulses
How does excess growth hormone allows the bone to continue to grow after the epiphyseal plate has closed?
Excess growth hormone will continue to stimulate appositional growth even after the epiphyseal plate has closed
Fibrocartilage often replaces hyaline cartilage when it is injured or damaged. What effect will this have on articular surfaces of bones?
Fibrocartilage often replaces hyaline cartilage when it is injured or damaged. What effect will this have on articular surfaces of bones? Fibrocartilage contains more protein fibers than hyaline cartilage and will make the surface less smooth.
Why would a homeless person have issues with wound healing?
Homeless individuals usually have poor dietary habits, which affect wound healing
Which of the following steps of the contraction cycle triggers ATP hydrolysis?
The binding of ATP to the myosin head
What happens to bone tissue when osteoclasts become more active than osteoblasts?
The bone tissue will be broken down and become weaker.
A patient who is suffering a heart attack will have cardiac muscle cells in the affected area die due to lack of oxygen. Why will cardiac function in this area not return to normal after the heart attack?
The cardiac muscle cells are replaced by fibrous connective tissue that does not have contractile properties.
Skeletal muscle is often replaced with a dense irregular connective tissue when the muscle is damaged, leading to what is commonly known as scar tissue. What effect would you expect to see on the function of skeletal muscle tissue that has been replaced by scar tissue?
The dense irregular connective tissue is not contractile tissue so the function of the muscle would be altered.
What would happen if the simple squamous epithelium of the lungs thickened?
The epithelium would no longer allow for gas diffusion to occur quickly.
The pufferfish produces a deadly poison known as tetrodotoxin. Tetrodotoxin blocks the voltage-gated sodium ion channels, preventing sodium ions from entering the sarcolemma. If you consumed pufferfish that was not prepared correctly, in turn digesting tetrodotoxin, what effect would it have on your muscle fibers?
The poison would prevent action potentials from occurring along the sarcolemma.
What would occur in the skin if the desmosomes stopped functioning?
The skin would not be able to resist mechanical stress and break down easily
The elastic connective tissue is found in the large blood vessels of the body. What would occur in these vessel if the elastic fibers were replaced with collagen fibers?
The vessels would lose their ability to stretch and become tough.
How would bone growth be affected in children suffering from malnutrition?
They would experience a decrease in mitosis in the hyaline cartilage at the epiphyseal plate, slowing the longitudinal growth of long bones.
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium lining parts of the digestive tract, such as the small intestines?
absorption
The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in
adipose tissue
The free surface of an epithelial tissue is the
apical surface
Intervertebral discs are composed of
fibrocartilage
Which of the following substances is not able to cross a plasma membrane via simple diffusion?
glucose
