Anatomy Exam 3

Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?

controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing

The complex series of canals known as the labyrinth makes up the _____ ear.

internal (inner) ear

Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction?

the axon terminal

TRUE/FALSE: The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma.

true

Epithelial tissue forms part of which layer(s) of an artery wall?

tunica interna (intima)

Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY? - posterior (dorsal) root - anterior (ventral) root - anterior (ventral) ramus - posterior (dorsal) ramus

posterior (dorsal) root

Choroid plexuses are specialized capillaries in the CNS that ______ and _______.

1. are covered by ependymal cells. 2. are located in the walls of the ventricles.

TRUE/FALSE: The space within the eye between the lens and the cornea is the anterior cavity.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: The thin transparent spinal meninx called pia mater separates the spinal cord from the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: There are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths: oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes).

TRUE

What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

A neuron having one axon and one dendrite, such as those located in the retina or inner ear, are classified as _____ neurons.

bipolar neurons

Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve?

conveys nerve impulses related to smell

At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a _____ neuron.

presynaptic; postsynaptic

The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____.

filum terminale

best description of axon terminals

fine processes at the ends of an axon

best description of the ependymal cells

form lining of brain ventricles

In bright light, the _____ muscle of the iris contracts, causing a/an _____ (increase/decrease) in the size of the pupil (constriction).

sphincter pupillae, decrease

The thinnest-walled blood vessels in the body are

capillaries

best description of an axon

carries nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell

In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?

efferent (motor)

In what order do the following structures vibrate as sound is transmitted? 1. stapes 2. tympanic membrane 3. oval window 4. incus 5. malleus

(1) tympanic membrane (2) malleus (3) incus (4) stapes (5) oval window

Describe the cardiac cycle.

- Deoxygenated blood from the body goes into the right atrium by the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava - The right atrium contracts pumping blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve - Once the tricuspid valve fills with blood it closes to prevent back flow -The right ventricle contracts forcing the pulmonary valve to open as blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery -Blood then travels to the lungs and the pulmonary valves close while the right atrium relaxes at the same time -

Sinusoids

- Sinusoids are found in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. - Their walls have large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and blood cells to pass between tissue and the bloodstream. - Sinusoids function as capillaries, but are wider and more winding than other capillaries.

When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1. are electrically insulated 2. are gray in color 3. have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction 4. are more numerous

1, 3 , 4 only

_____ (or motor) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____ (muscles or glands).

Efferent, central nervous system, effectors

TRUE/ FALSE: Ciliary processes produce the vitreous humor of the eye.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Complete anesthesia of a dermatome typically requires blocking of only one pair of spinal nerves because there is never overlap between neighboring dermatomes.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Gray matter is only located in the brain.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: In bright light, impulses from sympathetic neurons cause a constriction of the pupil due to contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Neuroglia derived from monocytes are called astrocytes.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the posterior median sulcus.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: The mucous membrane lining the inner aspect of the eyelids is the bulbar conjunctiva.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: The vestibular apparatus consists of the organs responsible for hearing and equilibrium.

FALSE

Loss of taste in the anterior region of the tongue may be an indication of damage to which cranial nerve?

Facial Nerve (VII)

TRUE/FALSE: The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: A dermatome is an area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: A neurolemma (sheath of Schwann) is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but NOT in the central nervous system.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Except for T2-T12, all anterior (ventral) rami form nerve plexuses.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and most anesthetics readily pass through the blood-brain barrier.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Sensory input from the vestibular apparatus is transmitted to the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum regions of the brain.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: The afferent (sensory) portion of the somatic nervous system carries sensory information from the eyes and ears to the central nervous system.

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: The bony labyrinth contains perilymph while the membranous labyrinth contains endolymph.

TRUE

What is a main difference between neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glia)?

The main difference between neurons and neuroglia is that mature neurons do not normally divide and neuroglia do.

lipofuscin

accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages

Blood flows through the following vessels in what order?

arteriole, metarteriole, capillary, venule

The following are all functions of EXCEPT: - help maintain the blood-brain barrier - help maintain proper K+ balance - participate in brain development - synthesize neurotransmitters

astrocytes DON'T synthesize neurotransmitters

the best description for the sebaceous ciliary glands

at the base of the follicles of the eyelashes

What is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve?

conveys motor impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

The main plexuses formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves are ___.

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

What is the best description of the arachnoid mater?

consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels

What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.

What is the best description of the pia mater?

contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

One class of neuroglial cells is cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia that line fluid-filled spaces in the CNS. These neuroglia are called _____.

ependymal

best description of the oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system

The macula lutea contains a depression called the _____ which contains only cone photoreceptors.

fovea centralis

A _____ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside of the brain and spinal cord.

ganglion

What type of cells are the first to receive a light ray as it travels through the retina?

ganglion cells

The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the center of the _______.

gray commissure

What is the best description of astrocytes?

help maintain the blood-brain barrier

The gastric, pancreatic, and splenic veins are part of the _____.

hepatic portal circulation

The elevation located in the medial commissure of the eye that contains sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands is called the _____.

lacrimal caruncle

Lacrimal fluid contains water, mucus, salts, and a bactericidal enzyme called _____.

lysozyme

A block of which nerve would provide anesthesia to the lower teeth and chin?

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

the best description of nerve fiber:

may refer to either an axon or dendrite

The thickest layer of an artery wall is the tunica _____.

media

The adult spinal cord extends from the _____ of the brain inferiorly to the superior border of the _____ lumbar vertebra.

medulla oblongata; second

What is the best description of the dura mater?

meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column

Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to ___________

monitor the chemical composition of the blood

Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to

monitor the chemical composition of the blood.

Best description of microglia

phagocytes of the central nervous system

Obstruction or blockage of the nasolacrimal duct will prevent drainage of tears into the _____.

nasal cavity

the best description for the ceruminous glands:

near the external opening of the external auditory canal

What does the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier do?

protects the neurons of the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful substances in the blood.

Blood in pulmonary circulation travels from the _____, then through arteries, capillaries, and veins, to the _____.

right ventricle, left atrium

Best description of Nissl bodies

rough endoplasmic reticulum

What neuroglia would be found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells

A layer of dense connective tissue that covers the entire eyeball except the cornea is called _____.

sclera

A Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte) contributes to the myelin sheath of _____ (one or several) axon(s).

several axons

What type of neurons convey information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscles only?

somatic motor neurons

Cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _____.

subarachnoid space

the best description of the satellite cells

surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia

Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that:

the anterior (ventral) rami do not contribute to a plexus.

Materials move between capillary blood and interstitial fluid through

the pinocytic vesicles, intercellular clefts, and fenestrations

The conus medullaris is

the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement

What is the conus medullaris?

the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oligodendrocytes? - they are not as numerous as astrocytes - they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain - they are smaller than the astrocytes - they form myelin sheaths around the CNS axons

they DO NOT line the flu-filled ventricles of the brain

Lateral gray horns are present in ALL segments of the _____ region of the spinal cord.

thoracic

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a/an _____.

tract

What does white matter include?

tracts in the spinal cord and the central nervous system

Which cranial nerve conveys parasympathetic control of most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

vagus nerve (X)

The _____ contain(s) the largest volume of blood when the body is at rest.

veins and venules

The organs responsible for static and dynamic equilibrium are collectively known as the _____ apparatus.

vestibular

The efferent (motor) portion of the somatic nervous system is _____ (voluntary or involuntary).

voluntary