Anatomy Exam 3
Which is a function of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?
controls movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing
The complex series of canals known as the labyrinth makes up the _____ ear.
internal (inner) ear
Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction?
the axon terminal
TRUE/FALSE: The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma.
true
Epithelial tissue forms part of which layer(s) of an artery wall?
tunica interna (intima)
Which of the following contains sensory information ONLY? - posterior (dorsal) root - anterior (ventral) root - anterior (ventral) ramus - posterior (dorsal) ramus
posterior (dorsal) root
Choroid plexuses are specialized capillaries in the CNS that ______ and _______.
1. are covered by ependymal cells. 2. are located in the walls of the ventricles.
TRUE/FALSE: The space within the eye between the lens and the cornea is the anterior cavity.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The thin transparent spinal meninx called pia mater separates the spinal cord from the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: There are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths: oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes).
TRUE
What is the best description of the subarachnoid space?
between arachnoid mater and pia mater
A neuron having one axon and one dendrite, such as those located in the retina or inner ear, are classified as _____ neurons.
bipolar neurons
Which is a function of the olfactory (I) nerve?
conveys nerve impulses related to smell
At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a _____ neuron.
presynaptic; postsynaptic
The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____.
filum terminale
best description of axon terminals
fine processes at the ends of an axon
best description of the ependymal cells
form lining of brain ventricles
In bright light, the _____ muscle of the iris contracts, causing a/an _____ (increase/decrease) in the size of the pupil (constriction).
sphincter pupillae, decrease
The thinnest-walled blood vessels in the body are
capillaries
best description of an axon
carries nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell
In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive?
efferent (motor)
In what order do the following structures vibrate as sound is transmitted? 1. stapes 2. tympanic membrane 3. oval window 4. incus 5. malleus
(1) tympanic membrane (2) malleus (3) incus (4) stapes (5) oval window
Describe the cardiac cycle.
- Deoxygenated blood from the body goes into the right atrium by the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava - The right atrium contracts pumping blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve - Once the tricuspid valve fills with blood it closes to prevent back flow -The right ventricle contracts forcing the pulmonary valve to open as blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery -Blood then travels to the lungs and the pulmonary valves close while the right atrium relaxes at the same time -
Sinusoids
- Sinusoids are found in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. - Their walls have large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and blood cells to pass between tissue and the bloodstream. - Sinusoids function as capillaries, but are wider and more winding than other capillaries.
When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1. are electrically insulated 2. are gray in color 3. have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction 4. are more numerous
1, 3 , 4 only
_____ (or motor) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____ (muscles or glands).
Efferent, central nervous system, effectors
TRUE/ FALSE: Ciliary processes produce the vitreous humor of the eye.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Complete anesthesia of a dermatome typically requires blocking of only one pair of spinal nerves because there is never overlap between neighboring dermatomes.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Gray matter is only located in the brain.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: In bright light, impulses from sympathetic neurons cause a constriction of the pupil due to contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Neuroglia derived from monocytes are called astrocytes.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the posterior median sulcus.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: The mucous membrane lining the inner aspect of the eyelids is the bulbar conjunctiva.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: The vestibular apparatus consists of the organs responsible for hearing and equilibrium.
FALSE
Loss of taste in the anterior region of the tongue may be an indication of damage to which cranial nerve?
Facial Nerve (VII)
TRUE/FALSE: The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: A dermatome is an area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: A neurolemma (sheath of Schwann) is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but NOT in the central nervous system.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Except for T2-T12, all anterior (ventral) rami form nerve plexuses.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and most anesthetics readily pass through the blood-brain barrier.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Sensory input from the vestibular apparatus is transmitted to the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum regions of the brain.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The afferent (sensory) portion of the somatic nervous system carries sensory information from the eyes and ears to the central nervous system.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The bony labyrinth contains perilymph while the membranous labyrinth contains endolymph.
TRUE
What is a main difference between neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glia)?
The main difference between neurons and neuroglia is that mature neurons do not normally divide and neuroglia do.
lipofuscin
accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages
Blood flows through the following vessels in what order?
arteriole, metarteriole, capillary, venule
The following are all functions of EXCEPT: - help maintain the blood-brain barrier - help maintain proper K+ balance - participate in brain development - synthesize neurotransmitters
astrocytes DON'T synthesize neurotransmitters
the best description for the sebaceous ciliary glands
at the base of the follicles of the eyelashes
What is a function of the accessory (XI) nerve?
conveys motor impulses to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
The main plexuses formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves are ___.
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
What is the best description of the arachnoid mater?
consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels
What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?
contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.
What is the best description of the pia mater?
contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
One class of neuroglial cells is cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia that line fluid-filled spaces in the CNS. These neuroglia are called _____.
ependymal
best description of the oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system
The macula lutea contains a depression called the _____ which contains only cone photoreceptors.
fovea centralis
A _____ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside of the brain and spinal cord.
ganglion
What type of cells are the first to receive a light ray as it travels through the retina?
ganglion cells
The central canal of the spinal cord is located in the center of the _______.
gray commissure
What is the best description of astrocytes?
help maintain the blood-brain barrier
The gastric, pancreatic, and splenic veins are part of the _____.
hepatic portal circulation
The elevation located in the medial commissure of the eye that contains sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands is called the _____.
lacrimal caruncle
Lacrimal fluid contains water, mucus, salts, and a bactericidal enzyme called _____.
lysozyme
A block of which nerve would provide anesthesia to the lower teeth and chin?
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
the best description of nerve fiber:
may refer to either an axon or dendrite
The thickest layer of an artery wall is the tunica _____.
media
The adult spinal cord extends from the _____ of the brain inferiorly to the superior border of the _____ lumbar vertebra.
medulla oblongata; second
What is the best description of the dura mater?
meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column
Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to ___________
monitor the chemical composition of the blood
Circumventricular organs in the wall of the third ventricle lack a blood-brain barrier. This enables them to
monitor the chemical composition of the blood.
Best description of microglia
phagocytes of the central nervous system
Obstruction or blockage of the nasolacrimal duct will prevent drainage of tears into the _____.
nasal cavity
the best description for the ceruminous glands:
near the external opening of the external auditory canal
What does the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier do?
protects the neurons of the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful substances in the blood.
Blood in pulmonary circulation travels from the _____, then through arteries, capillaries, and veins, to the _____.
right ventricle, left atrium
Best description of Nissl bodies
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What neuroglia would be found in the peripheral nervous system?
satellite cells
A layer of dense connective tissue that covers the entire eyeball except the cornea is called _____.
sclera
A Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte) contributes to the myelin sheath of _____ (one or several) axon(s).
several axons
What type of neurons convey information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscles only?
somatic motor neurons
Cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _____.
subarachnoid space
the best description of the satellite cells
surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia
Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that:
the anterior (ventral) rami do not contribute to a plexus.
Materials move between capillary blood and interstitial fluid through
the pinocytic vesicles, intercellular clefts, and fenestrations
The conus medullaris is
the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement
What is the conus medullaris?
the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oligodendrocytes? - they are not as numerous as astrocytes - they line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain - they are smaller than the astrocytes - they form myelin sheaths around the CNS axons
they DO NOT line the flu-filled ventricles of the brain
Lateral gray horns are present in ALL segments of the _____ region of the spinal cord.
thoracic
A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a/an _____.
tract
What does white matter include?
tracts in the spinal cord and the central nervous system
Which cranial nerve conveys parasympathetic control of most organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
vagus nerve (X)
The _____ contain(s) the largest volume of blood when the body is at rest.
veins and venules
The organs responsible for static and dynamic equilibrium are collectively known as the _____ apparatus.
vestibular
The efferent (motor) portion of the somatic nervous system is _____ (voluntary or involuntary).
voluntary