Anatomy Exam Part 1

Place in the correct order "Generating An Action Potential"? a). Na+ channels open, and Na+ flows into the cell, causing rapid depolarization. b). K+ channels open, and K+ flows out of the cell, causing rapid repolarization. c). Na+ channels are closed, and some K+ leaks out to maintain a resting potential. d). K+ continues to flow out of cell, producing a hyperpolarization of the membrane. e). Na+ channels close, and K+ channels begin to open. f). A stimulus causes a depolarization of the membrane.

1. C 2. F 3. A 4. E 5. B 6. D

Given these events that are part of helper T cell activation: 1. interleukin-1 released by macrophage (costimulation) 2. antigen processed by macrophage 3. helper T cell binds to macrophage 4. helper T cell releases interleukin-2 and divides 5. antigen displayed on MHC molecule

2,5,3,1,4,

A nerve impulse is initiated when

A reversal in the polarized state of the cell causes it to reach threshold.

If a person has type AB blood, then that person can receive blood from which type donors?

A, B, AB, O

Which of the following is/are a type(s) of granulocyte? (may choose more than one answer) A. Eosinophil B. Neutrophil C. Monocyte D. Basophil E. Lymphocyte

A. Eosinophil B. Neutrophil D. Basophil

The movement of a limb away from the body midline.

Abduction

Neurotransmitter substance released at motor end plates by the motor neuron.

Acetylcholine

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

Acetylcholinesterase

A vaccination is a way of acquiring

Active artificial immunity

The spleen

Acts as a blood reservoir

The movement of a limb toward the body midline.

Adduction

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called

Antigens

The _____________ cannot be controlled by conscious thought.

Autonomic nervous system

As the result of a bee sting, Joe B. Hive had an immediate severe reaction, and nearly died. This reaction was caused by

B cells.

Antibodies

B) Promote phagocytosis.

Natural killer cells A) are a type of macrophage. B) exhibit no memory response. C) recognize cells infected by a specific virus. D) are produced in the thymus. E) all of these

B) exhibit no memory response.

Complement is involved in

Both adaptive and innate immunity

The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

CNS and PNS

Chemical stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Chemical that serves as the actual "go" signal for muscle contraction.

Calcium ions

Muscle tissue found only in the heart. Muscle tissue composed of branching cells and intercalated discs.

Cardiac

MHC molecules are

Cell-surface glycoproteins that display antigens.

Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of brain and spinal cord.

Central nervous system (CNS)

The _______________controls muscle tone, balance and coordination. "Little brain."

Cerebellum

Much of the sensory, motor, and associative neural activity of the cerebrum occurs on the surface, a layer called the

Cerebral cortex.

Watery, clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid

The _______ produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Choroid Plexuses

A(n) __________ is a group of 20 proteins activated by a series of reactions, in which one activated chemical then activates another; and promotes inflammation, phagocytosis, and cell lysis

Complement

Interleukins and CD4, B7, and CD28 proteins are all involved in

Costimulation of helper T cells.

Which antibody accounts for 80-85% of serum antibodies, can cross the placenta, and is responsible for Rh reactions? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG

D) IgG

Which of these is NOT a location for aggregations of lymph nodes? A) axillary (armpit) region B) cervical region C) inguinal (groin) region D) around the heart

D) around the heart

Neurons come in which different type(s)? A. Sensory B. Motor C. Skeletal D. A and B

D. A and B

The neuron cell is made up of which of the following parts? A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Nucleus D. All of the Above

D. All of the Above

The Thymus

Decreases in size in older adults.

Meaning "leaping across," this term refers to the ability of WBCs to slip out of capillary blood vessels.

Diapedesis

The meninges is made up of ___________, ___________ and the ______________. The ________________ is the inner most layer of the meninges closest to the brain.

Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater Pia Mater

How do neurons communicate with one another?

Electrically and Chemically

Which cells release enzymes that break down chemical mediators released by other cells?

Eosinophils

Type of movement that increases the angle of the joint.

Extension

A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector. True or False

False

Dendrites release neurotransmitters into the extracellular space during nerve impulse transmissions. True or False

False

Macrophages provide a rough index of the rate at which RBCs are produced. True or False

False

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the PNS. True or False

False

One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary. True or False

False

The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one of the only voluntary reflexes. True or False

False

This is a process which removes unneeded cloth when healing has occurred. Without this, blood vessels would gradually become completely blocked.

Fibrinolysis

Lymph nodes

Filter the blood.

Muscles that are concerned with bracing actions are called _______.

Fixators

Type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint.

Flexion

An antibody molecule

Has both heavy and light chains

Important in recruiting other cells to fight invaders, _______ can be thought of as the "directors" or "managers" of the immune system.

Helper T cells

This is the protein that makes RBCs red. It binds easily with oxygen molecules and most oxygen being transported in the blood is bound to this.

Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

This term refers to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that involve prolonged bleeding into tissues from even minor tissue trauma, which can be life threatening.

Hemophilia

Modern-day fish are like early vertebrates in that the dominant part of their brains is the

Hindbrain

Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.

Hypothalamus

Synapses are excitatory or inhibitory based on

Integration

Which protein interferes with virus production, and is produced by most cells in response to a viral infection?

Interferon

The deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called the _______.

Longitudinal fissure

An infection may spread throughout the body, commonly causing swelling and tenderness of the _______.

Lymph nodes

Which protective chemical that lyses cells are found on the surface of cells and in tears and saliva?

Lysozyme

Dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer cells are examples of

Macrophages.

Lymphatic organs

May filter blood or lymph.

Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.

Medulla oblongata

Three important aspects of the adaptive defense are that it is antigen specific, it is systemic, and it _______.

Memory

__________ are responsible for the secondary antibody response.

Memory B cells

This type of agranulocyte contains a "U" shaped nucleus. They differentiate into macrophages which protect against viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections.

Monocytes

Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors.

Motor (efferent) division

_________________ nerves carry impulses away from the central nervous system

Motor/Efferent

This type of Leukemia is chronic and slow moving because it involves proliferation of later cell stages.

Myelocytic Leukemia

Portion of the body the nerve travels through

Nerve Roots

Often die after a single phagocytic episode.

Neutrophils

A universal donor is a person who theoretically:

O Type Blood

Area of the cerebral cortex that controls visual aspects.

Occipital lobe

Made up of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia and the nerves connecting them to each other and the central nervous system.

PNS

The tonsils that are referred to as "the tonsils" are the

Palatine tonsils.

Decreases heart rate. Constricts bronchioles in the lungs.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Antiserum is used to produce

Passive artificial immunity.

The role of T cells is to _______.

Perform a surveillance role

Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus.

Pituitary gland

This is a straw colored, sticky fluid 90% composed of water, found in blood.

Plasma

The _______ area that allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the _______ lobe

Primary motor; Frontal lobe

What is the temporal lobe?

Processes auditory information

Type of movement that results when the forearm rotates medially so the palm faces posteriorly.

Pronation

The muscle whose action facilitates straightening of the leg____________.

Rectus femoris

The movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.

Rotation

This blood disease where hemoglobin becomes spiky and sharp due to a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in a beta chain of a globin molecule.These wrongly shaped blood cells tend to rupture easily and dam up blood vessels, preventing accurate oxygen flow to the body.

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Voluntary muscle tissue. Muscle tissue that is multinucleate. Muscle tissue that maintains posture, body position, and stabilizes joints.

Skeletal

The endomysium is a delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds a/an _______.

Skeletal muscle fiber

Muscle tissue that activates arrector pili muscles which stand hairs on end. Performs very slow, sometimes rhythmic, contractions. Muscle tissue that forms valves to regulate the passage of substances through internal body openings.

Smooth

Which division of the PNS controls the body's skeletal muscles?

Somatic Nervous System

__________, ____________ and __________________ are involved in the knee-jerk reflex?

Stretching of the muscle Motor neuron Muscle spindle

Type of movement that results when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly

Supination

Decreases digestive system activities. Decreases urine output of the kidneys. Increases metabolic rate. Increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

Sympathetic nervous system

Which cells are mature in the thymus?

T Cell

This type of lymphocyte functions in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

T-cells

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex.

Thalamus

What best describes the electrical state of a neuron at rest?

The inside of a neuron is more negatively charged than the outside.

The muscle whose action is dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot is the _______.

Tibialis anterior

What is the Broca's area?

Translation of thoughts into speech, coordinated contractions of speech and breathing muscles, translation of speech or written words into thought involves both sensory and association areas

All types of muscle have endomysium covering individual muscle cells. True or False

True

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons.

True

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside central nervous system. True or False

True

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True

Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses. True or False

True

Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system. True or False

True

In the lymphatic system the spleen filters blood, removing microorganisms and other foreign substances. True or False

True

Leukopenia is an abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs. True or False

True

Muscle development in babies occurs in a cephalic/caudal direction. True or False

True

Oxygen deficit promotes lactic acid accumulation in muscles from anaerobic cellular respiration. True or False

True

Tetanic contraction is normal and desirable, and is quite different from the pathologic condition of tetanus. True or False

True

The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.

True

The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membranes is to temporarily modify its permeability to ions such as potassium and sodium. True or False

True

The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland. True or False

True

The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacaral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord. True or False

True

The sarcoplasmic reticulum wraps like a sleeve around the myofibril and stores and releases calcium. True or False

True

The striations seen in skeletal muscle are actually alternating A and I bands. True or False

True

There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.

True

When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. True or False

True

In a skeletal muscle fiber, the sarcomere is a repetitive unit that consists of the entire region between the _______.

Z Line

Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Hemostasis, involving three major phases including vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting, is called _______.

coagulation

The most important phagocytes are

neutrophils and basophils.

Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors.

sensory (afferent) division

While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that _______.

the sample is type O