Anatomy Final

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) ependymal cells B) schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

A) ependymal cells

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic-tissue D) perforating fibers

A) fat

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? A) microglia B) satellite cells C) schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

A) microglia

Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS D) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract

A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) osteoclast B osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell

A) osteoclast

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. The nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed

A) the membrane potential has been reestablished

____ epithlium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane A. Psedostratified columnar B. Stratified columnar C. Stratified cuboidal D. Transitional

A. Psedostratified columnar

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are A. carotene and melanin B. carotene and xanthophyll C. melanin and chlorophyll D. xanthophyll and melanin

A. carotene and melanin

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in _________. A. faster healing of the skin and less scaring B. greater chance of infection C. less chance for infection D. slowed healing and greater scarring

A. faster healing of the skin and less scaring

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the skin? A. gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age B. conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the sun's energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis C. all the portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed D. Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains

A. gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? A. glucagon B. insulin C. thyroxine D. aldosterone

A. glucagon

What are the three main components of connective tissue? A. ground substance, fibers, and cells B. alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts D. collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

A. ground substance, fibers, and cells

Which form of skin cancer is the most deadly due to its potential to metastasize quickly to other body systems? A. melanoma B. squamous cell carcinoma C. basal cell carcinoma

A. melanoma

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia A. stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important B. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another C. stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells D. simple epithelia form impermeable barriers

A. stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so? A. the person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing) B. the person is in fear of hypothermia (severe cold exposure) C. the cold has slowed the movement of blood D. the person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening)

A. the person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing)

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cell of the target tissue B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C. organ the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path D. nothing— all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

A. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cell of the target tissue

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

it is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) schwann cells D) microglia cells

B) astrocytes

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? A) acetylcholine has many different forms B) different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors C) postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times D) acetylcholine has a "dose effect." Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit

B) different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? A) poor posture B) estrogen deficiency due to menopause C) heritage such as African or Mediterranean D) abnormal PTH receptors

B) estrogen deficiency due to menopause

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell? A) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane B) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane C) opening of chemically gated sodium channels D) influx of positively charged ions into postsynaptic cell

B) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a __________. A) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell B) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell C) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell D) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell

B) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte

B) osteoblast

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to A increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts B) temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered-in large doses C) decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate. D) increase blood calcium levels by-inhibiting osteoblasts

B) temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered-in large doses

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) mechanically-gated channel B) voltage-gated channel C) leakage channel D) ligand-gated channel

B) voltage-gated channel

When the arrector pili muscles contract A. sweat is released from the sweat glands B. "goose bumps" are formed C. hairs are shed D. the skin color changes

B. "goose bumps" are formed

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore, it is not synthesized by males B. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes C. A hormone made in the anterior pituitary cannot influence fertility D. the man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH

B. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Which of the following items has a shape most like a squamous epithelial cell? A. a watermelon B. a fried egg C. a cupcake D. the letter "S"

B. a fried egg

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A. estrogen B. cortisol C. testosterone D. epinephrine

B. cortisol

Sudoriferous (sweat) Glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A. mammary and ceruminous B. eccrine and apocrine C. sebaceous and merocrine D. holocrine and mammary

B. eccrine and apocrine

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________ A. exocrine B. endocrine C. sebaceous D. ceremonious

B. endocrine

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through this type of tissue A. muscle tissue B. epithelial tissue C. connective tissue D. nervous tissue

B. epithelial tissue

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ___________. A. the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle B. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months C. hormones in the eyebrow follicle will switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length D. they grow much slower

B. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of A. ground substance and cells B. fibers and ground substance C. cells and fibers D. all organic compounds

B. fibers and ground substance

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland? A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. growth hormone (GH) C. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. luteinizing hormone (LH)

B. growth hormone (GH)

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A. the cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy B. it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism C. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases D. it aids in the transport of materials throughout the body

B. it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism

Hair and nails are extensions of the skin. What us the name for the protein that gives the skin it's waterproofing characteristic and makes up hair and nails? A. collagen B. keratin C. melanin D. elastin

B. keratin

Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs? A. simple columnar B. simple squamous C. pseudostratified columnar D. simple cuboidal

B. simple squamous

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed A. hair production will not be affected B. the follicle will lose its blood supply C. the texture of the hair will become coarser D. the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus

B. the follicle will lose its blood supply

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain ope long enough to cause hyperpolarization B) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels C) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes D) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions B) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels

C) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons? A) They conduct impulses B) They have extreme longevity C) They are mitotic (go through the cell cycle) D) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate

C) They are mitotic (go through the cell cycle)

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punched by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All f the following are consequences of this inactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing inactivation gates. A) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon B) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane C) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell D) This limits the frequency of action potential down the axon

C) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) spinal nerves B) sensory (afferent) nerves C) brain and spinal cord D) somatic nerves

C) brain and spinal cord

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone

C) compact bone

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? A) origin of the stimulus B) type of stimulus receptor C) frequency of an action potential D) size of action potential

C) frequency of an action potential

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) nuclei B) nerves C) ganglia D) tracts

C) ganglia

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? A) parathyroid hormone B) calcium C) growth hormone D) thyroid hormone

C) growth hormone

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) efferent neuron B) afferent neuron C) interneuron D) glial cell

C) interneuron

Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) neurons must meet a high demand for ATP B) neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen C) neurons have stable, relatively uncharging internal environments D) neurons produce many proteins

C) neurons have stable, relatively uncharging internal environments

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

C) oligodendrocytes

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) calcitonin B) thyroxine C) parathyroid hormone D) estrogen

C) parathyroid hormone

Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

C) schwann cells

Which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? A) shoulder B) hip C) skull D) upper limb

C) skull

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A. granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum B. basale, spinosum, granulocum, lucidum, corneum C. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale D. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

C. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched? A. Melanocytes - protect cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun rays B. keratinocytes - provide sense of touch in pressure C. dendritic cells - activate the immune system D. tactile cells - protection

C. dendritic cells - activate the immune system

If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted because it contains A. adipose tissue B. collagen fibers C. elastic fibers D. reticular fibers E. loose connective tissue

C. elastic fibers

Steroid hormones exert their action by _______. A. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA B. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity C. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene D. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

C. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by A. mast cells B. macrophages C. fibroblasts D. adipocytes

C. fibroblasts

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? A. cortisol B. parathyroid hormone C. growth hormone D. thyroid stimulating hormone

C. growth hormone

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue A. most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus B. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix C. its primary function is nutrient storage D. mature adipose cells are highly mitotic

C. its primary function is nutrient storage

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone? A. insulin B. glucagon C. melatonin D. growth hormone

C. melatonin

The primary blast cell for bone is the A. hemocytoblast B. fibroblast C. osteoblast D. chondroblast

C. osteoblast

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? A. oxytocin B. estrogen C. prolactin D. progesterone

C. prolactin

Which statement best links the group of tissues known as a connective tissue? A connective tissue will have A. an epithelial origin B. a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate C. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix D. an extracellular matrix containing fibers

C. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A. simple squamous B. transitional C. simple columnar D. stratified squamous

C. simple columnar

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A. Stratum lucidum B. stratum corneum C. stratum basale D. stratum granulosum

C. stratum basale

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin? A. stratum spinosum B. stratum granulosum C. stratum corneum D. stratum basale

C. stratum corneum

Which of the statements is true of animo acid-based hormones? A. they are lipid soluble B. they cross the plasma membrane C. they require a receptor in the plasma membrane D. they are synthesized from cholesterol

C. they require a receptor in the plasma membrane

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. A) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions B) the inactivation gates on voltage gates sodium ion channels are closed C) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory D) The voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

D) The voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) resting period B) repolarization C) depolarization D) absolute refractory period

D) absolute refractory period

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) adipose tissue and nerve fibers C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) communication

D) communication

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract B) innervation of cardiac muscle C) innervation of glands D) innervation of skeletal muscle

D) innervation of skeletal muscle

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. A) cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses B) the release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled C) neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminal of cells D) the synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic cell

D) the synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic cell

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? A) thigh bone of a young individual B) finger bone of an elderly individual C) finger bone of a young individual D) thigh bone of an elderly individual

D) thigh bone of an elderly individual

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? A) voltage-gated sodium channels B) chemically-gated chloride channels C) voltage-gate calcium channels D) voltage-gated potassium channels

D) voltage-gated potassium channels

Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________. A. Nucleotides B. deactivating ions C. Calcium D. Second messengers

D. Second messengers

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes_________. A. maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature B. maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules C. provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis D. accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

D. accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues? A. hyaline cartilage B. adipose C. reticular connective tissue D. areolar connective tissue

D. areolar connective tissue

Which of the following is found in hyaline cartilage? A. macrophage B. fibroblast C. mast cell D. chondrocyte

D. chondrocyte

Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract? A. dense microvilli B. thin and permeable C. fibroblasts D. cilia

D. cilia

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are A. tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments B. cartilage, bone, and collagen C. loose, dense, and irregular D. collagen, reticular, and elastic

D. collagen, reticular, and elastic

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except A. sweat glands B. sebaceous glands C. hair follicles D. epidermis

D. epidermis

Aldosterone ___________. A. is secreted by the posterior pituitary B. production is greatly influenced by ACTH C. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D. functions to increase sodium reabsorption

D. functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A. antibodies B. enzymes C. proteins D. hormones

D. hormones

Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A. increase intestinal absorption of calcium ions B. increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys C. activation of osteoclasts D. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

D. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A. the thyroid and adrenal glands B. the blood vessels C. the liver and gall bladder D. liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

D. liver, bones, and skeletal muscles

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the _______ layer A. epidermal B. subcutaneous C. reticular D. papillary

D. papillary

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A. sensory (afferent) division B. somatic nervous system C. sympathetic division D. parasympathetic division

D. parasympathetic division

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A. thyroid hormone B. gonadotropic hormones C. calcitonin D. parathyroid hormone

D. parathyroid hormone

Oxytocin ___________. A. controls milk production B. is an anterior pituitary secretion C. exerts its most important effects during mensuration D. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

D. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood? A. stratum granulosum B. stratum corneum C. stratum spinosum D. stratum basale

D. stratum basale

Functions of epithelia include all of the following, except A. absorption B. controlling permeability C. providing physical protection D. supporting muscle cells

D. supporting muscle cells

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to the __________. A. The stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum B. the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper C. the papillary layer but not the reticular layer D. the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

D. the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this? A. thyroid B. adrenal C. anterior pituitary D. thymus

D. thymus

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A. adrenal medulla B. thyroid gland C. pancreas D. thymus gland

D. thymus gland

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as erythrocytes are to A. neural tissue B. epithelium C. bone D. fat E. blood

E. blood