SLP 251 Quiz #4

Preschoolers acquire about ____ words per year

860

_________ teaches the relationships between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes) a) Literacy b)Phonics c) Phonology d) Morphology

B) phonics

Relational Terms

B/c children have theory of mind they use these relational terms -Dieictic -Opposites -Locational Prepositions (location) -Kinship -Interrogatives -Temporal terms

Two types of narrative skills...

Causal sequence Temporal sequence Understanding the order of logical events is something we want for development of narrative skills!

Example of Contextualized Language

Child points at object "dad give me that", while pointing at the object the father has in his hands (both speaker and listener KNOW the context behind it)

Which one of these would be an example of "contextualized language?" a) Once upon a time... b) Guess what happened the other day?! c)Remember that crazy NYE party last year? d)I like this one better.

D) I like this one better.

________ __________ is children's sensitivity to the sound units that make up speech. a) Print Awareness b) Alphabet Knowledge c) Phonetic inventory d) Phonological Awareness

D) phonological awareness

What is emergent literacy?

Early; not TEACHING children to read and write but exposure to reading and writing and language and literacy skills BEGIN at birth

True/False: Literacy does not depend largely on metalinguistic ability (ability to view language as an object of attention)

FALSE! it does

"Decontextualized Language" begins in infancy and is used to talk about the "here and now." True False

False

Maxim of quality (quality of information)

For example, would you pay attention if you doubted the information? Do not say what believe to be FALSE

Fast mapping

May require multiple exposures to words in varying context to attain extended mapping (full understanding of word meaning) -Use novel name-nameless category

Share storybook reading help them prepare for ______ skills.

Narrative

Two types of Narratives

Personal: first day of school Fictional: stars wars movie she watched

A great way to learn a social script for Preschoolers is...

Shared storybook reading

Example of Decontextualized Language

Someone explaining a trip to Russia, and you've never been there before

Preschoolers language use (pragmatics) become more complex...

They begin to use language for more complex functions! Interpretive functions, logical functions, Participatory functions, and organizing functions

Conversation Skills among Preschoolers...

They can maintain a conversation for 2 or more turns, however they still have some difficulty realizing when communication breakdowns occur and giving listeners the appropriate amount of feedback.

Maxim of relation

To stay on topic and be RELEVANT to what you're trying to digest

"Contextualized Language" begins in infancy and is used to talk about things in the immediate context. 30sec True False

True

"Decontextualized Language" begins to emerge in the preschool period. True False

True

Literacy abilities depend heavily on the oral language skills acquired in infancy and toddlerhood. True False

True

True/False: Literacy abilities depend HEAVILY on the oral language skills acquired in infancy and toddlerhood

True

True/false: Narrative skills are a good predictor of concurrent and later school outcomes for preschoolers exhibiting difficulties in developing languages.

True

Most significant area of morpheme development in preschool is....

Verb Morphology!

Narrative

a child's spoken or written description of a real or fictional event.

When the verb to or its derivatives is the main verb in a sentence it is called..

a copula

Which of the following is an example of an allomorph? A) kids, kits, kisses B)drink, drank, drunk C)is, are D) was, were

a) kids, kits, kisses

Learning to appropriately use derivational morphemes is an example of __________ development. a) morphological b) pragmatic c) phonological d) ToM

a) morphological

Which of the following is an example of a grammatical morpheme? a) plural "-s" b) nouns c) adverbs d) verbs

a) plural "-s"

Children gradually refine representations of a word in ________ _____________. a) slow mapping b) fast mapping c) magnetism d) wordology

a) slow mapping

Shared storybook reading can help

acquire new words, maternal language during storybook reading contains a more diverse array of syntax and vocab is more abstract. By it being repetitive and elaborated exposures in new words as well as an active reading style, can improve children's learning!

Slow mapping

after fast mapping, this occurs wherein children refine representation

When the verb to be or its derivatives is a helping verb, it is called

an auxiliary

Children use knowledge about ________ (humans, animals, plants, natural forces, concrete objects, abstract objects)

animacy; know the difference of what is living and what is not living

Preschoolers acquire _______ words yearly. a) 100 b) 860 c) 50 d) 5

b) 860

Children's ability to pick up new words after only a few exposures is known as ________ _____________. a) slow mapping b) fast mapping c) magnetism d) wordology

b) fast mapping

The ability to view language as an object of attention is ___________ ___________. a) phonological awareness b) metalinguistic ability c) semantic development d) pragmatic ability

b) metalinguistic ability

Which of the following is NOT a grammatical morpheme? a) plural "-s" b) nouns c) past tense "-ed d) present progressive "-ing

b) nouns

_______ __________ skills acquired in infancy & toddlerhood can promote early (pre-)literacy abilities. a) receptive language b) oral language c) pragmatic language d) narrative language

b) oral language

Which of the following is an example of a concrete question word? a) how b) who c) why d) when

b)who

Preschool-aged children who are raised in literate household or who attend preschool...

begin to acquire emergent literacy skills!

_________ __________ relies heavily on itself to construct meaning. a) Pragmatic Language b) Contextualized Language c) Decontextualized Language d) Motherese

c) Decontextualized Language

Knowledge of allomorphs of the plural "-s" is evidence of development in which of the 5 language components? a) syntax b) pragmatics c) morphology d) use

c) morphology

Which of the following words do NOT contain an example of a "derivational morpheme?" a) unkind b)fairness c)painted d) disrespect

c) painted

Fast/Slow mapping would be examples of development of which component of language? a) syntax b) phonology c) semantics d) pragmatics

c) semantics

To make a ____-_______ __________, the child must decide whether a sentence is syntactically acceptable. a) interpreted-sentence judgment b) derivational-morpheme judgment c) well-formedness judgment d) informed-consumer judgment

c) well-formedness judgement

"Grammaticality Judgment Tasks" include judgment about _____________ and _______________ of sentences. a) phonology, pragmatics b) Word MLUs, Morpheme MLUs c) well-formedness, interpretation d) capitalization, punctuation

c) well-formedness, interpretation

Which of the following is an example of an abstract question word? a) what b) who c) when d) where

c)when

Knowledge of semantics and syntax

children continue to OVEREXTEND object names but weigh the function of the object more heavily than appearance

Auxiliary and Copula's can be

contracted or uncontracted

Preschoolers master to in its

copula and auxiliary forms

____________ are variants of a morpheme with the same meaning but different sounds. A) inflections B) derivations C) phonologic variations D) allomorphs

d) allomorphs

Which set of interrogatives do children understand and use first? a) abstract b) pragmatic c) deictic d) concrete

d) concrete

Which of the following words contain a "derivational morpheme?" a) jumps b) Papa's c) shoes d) followers

d) followers

Another term for "inflectional morphemes" is ____________ ___________ a) free morphemes b) derivational morphemes c) morphological development d) grammatical morphemes

d) grammatical morphemes

Researchers use ___________ ____________ tasks to investigate various kinds of syntactic development. a) phonological awareness b) print awareness c) alphabet knowledge d) grammaticality judgment

d) grammaticality judgement

Which of the following is NOT an example of a "relational term?" a) interrogatives b) temporal terms c) kinship terms d) pronouns

d) pronouns

"Deictic terms, opposites, and locational prepositions are examples of __________ __________. a) free morphemes b) bound morphemes c) inflectional morphemes d) relational terms

d) relational terms

Emergent Literacy

earliest period of learning about reading and writing

Preschoolers begin to embed multiple phrases and clauses and to use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions....

ex: Subject-verb-object-adverb: "Daddy's hitting the hammer outside" Subject-verb-complement-adverb: "Daddy is hungry now"

A representative spontaneous language sample needs to be either reliable or valid. True False

false

A true narrative may not have an introduction, middle, and end. True False

false

Most 2-year-olds can differentiate between their mental state and others'. True False

false

Personal narratives depict a fictional event. True False

false

Preschoolers from low SES backgrounds do not benefit from attending classes with children from mixed SES backgrounds. True False

false

Children can recognize words that are used in a _____ way (birds lay eggs) vs those used to refer to words in a _____ way (This bird lays eggs)

generic; specific

Preschoolers in their conversational skills do

initiate their conversations and there is a common ground with others which allows comparing likes and dislikes, talking about future plans, joking. They are UNIQUE!

To produce a narrative, a child

introduces a topic and organizes information pertaining to the topic to the listener can assume a relatively passive role

Opposites term (relational)

learn opposites they can perceive physically before more abstract opposites

Children use syntax to...

narrow the possibilities of word meanings

Interpretive functions

part of pragmatic development, and makes clear the whole of a person's experience

Logical functions

part of pragmatic development; express logical relations between ideas

Participatory functions

part of pragmatic development; expresses wishes, feelings, attitudes, and judgements

Organizing functions

pragmatic development; manage discourse

Maxim of quantity (quantity of information)

preschoolers will pay more attention that is given in a helpful amount of information! ex: just enough to get the idea, not TOO MUCH!

Maxim of manner

put what you say in the clearest, briefest, and most orderly manner.

Grice's Cooperative principles consist of 4 categories of conversational maxims

quantity, quality, relation and manner

Locational Prepositions

solid understanding of under, next to, behind, in back of, and in front of

The verb ____ ____ is often an important marker of time

to be

Children's early narratives may lack information on participants, time, and location relevant to the event(s). True False

true

Despite a few on-going speech sound errors, preschoolers are highly (75% or higher) intelligible. True False

true

Familial SES continues to relate to children's language devleopment. True False

true

Fast mapping takes multiple exposures to a word over time, in many different contexts. True False

true

Fictional narratives depict an imaginary event. True False

true

Gliding and stopping are two phonological processes that may persist beyond 5 years of age. True False

true

If book reading is common in the household, children can show emerging alphabet knowledge in their first 3 years. True False

true

Most children can not construct true narratives with a problem and a resolution until ~4 years. True False

true

True/False: Preschoolers are sensitive to speakers' violations of Gricean principles (manner was not assessed)

true

Temporal terms

understand temporal terms describing order before those describing concurrent events -when they do not understand the meaning of temporal terms, preschoolers rely on word order in sentences or their experience

Interrogatives

understand what, where, who, whose, and which before when, how, and why

Theory of Mind: Fairly reliable progression...

understanding that people have diff desires for the same thing, can have diff beliefs about the same situation, that something can be true but someone might not know it to be true, false belief, hidden emotion, and sarcasm

Causal sequence

unfolds following a cause-and-effect chain of events, or provides a reason or rationale for some series of events

Temporal sequence

unfolds with time

Deictic terms

use an interpretation depends on the location of a speaker and listener within a particular setting (here and this vs. there and that) -children must adopt a listener's perspective -Master proximal terms more easily than distal terms -depends on context! ex: this, here, that, and there

Contextualized Language

-Grounded in the "here and now" -Can rely on context and linguistic input (language) to construct meaning -Context IS KNOWN: sender and receiver share the SAME context

Decontextualized language

-relies heavily on language itself in the construction of meaning -Fundamental to academic success -Nearly all learning in schools focuses on events and concepts beyond the classroom (think history, social studies, reading books)

Kinship terms

-tend to learn terms for more familiar family members first -difficulty with reciprocity of terms

Theory of Mind in Children

1 y/o: remember emotional and facial expressions 2-3 y/o: identifies simple mental states (desires, emotions, and intentions) and comprises games fictions 4 y/o: child difference perfectly btwn their mental states and others 6-7 y/o: thinking of others can influence them in diff. cirumstances 12 yr or more: recursive reasoning appears: "I think, that you think, that im thinking"

6 Factors contribute to the order children acquire derivational morphemes:

1) Frequent occurence in utterance-final position 2) Syllabicity: Children first learn morphemes that constitute their own syllables and then morphemes that contain a single sound 3) Single relation between morpheme and meaning 4) Consistency in use 5) Allomorphic variations (boxes, dogs, judges = all plural but said differently, much like phoneme allomorphs) 6) Clear semantic function