Anatomy final

20) When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) sweat is released from sweat glands. B) shivering occurs. C) the skin changes color. D) "goose bumps" are formed. E) hairs are shed.

d

A muscle that controls the diameter of an opening is a ________ muscle. 68) A) bipennate B) pennate C) convergent D) circular E) paralle

d

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve 139) A) III. B) VII. C) IX. D) V. E) XIII.

d

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced. 144) A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10 E) 20

d

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. 190) A) right frontal B) right temporal C) left temporal D) left frontal E) occipital

d

All of the following compose the epithelial projections found on the tongue except 143) A) circumvallate papillae. B) fungiform papillae. C) filiform papillae. D) gustatory papillae. E) None of the answers is correct

d

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it 209) A) is the most common cause of senile dementia. B) may be associated with damage to the hippocampus. C) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. D) has a clear genetic basis. E) is associated with the formation of plaques

d

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his 191) A) temporal lobe. B) vestibulocochlear nerve. C) prefrontal lobe. D) Wernicke's area. E) speech center.

d

All of the following are true regarding the retina except 124) A) Axons carrying its output synapse in the lateral geniculate bodies in the thalamus. B) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light. C) Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II. D) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light. E) All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.

e

An abnormal illusion of movement is called 111) A) nerve hearing loss. B) myopia. C) conductive hearing loss. D) cataracts. E) vertigo.

e

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of 38) A) sulfate. B) potassium. C) sodium. D) iron. E) calcium.

e

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? 148) A) thoracic B) vertebral C) lumbar D) cranial E) abdominopelvic

e

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect 207) A) hearing. B) sight. C) both perception of pain and voluntary motor activity. D) perception of pain. E) voluntary motor activity.

e

Damage to the somatic motor association area of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to 189) A) understand spoken words. B) understand visual images. C) sense the texture of velvet. D) understand written words. E) play the piano.

e

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to 153) A) constrict the left pupil. B) constrict the right pupil. C) smile and frown. D) dilate the left pupil. E) dilate the right pupil.

e

Identify the cranial nerves that carry gustatory information. (Module 15.4B) 107) A) trigeminal, facial, and accessory nerves B) hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves C) hypoglossal, olfactory, and trochlear nerves D) glossopharyngeal, trigeminal, and abducens nerves E) facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

e

Identify the epithelium that lines the urinary bladder, and describe its unusual functional characteristic. A) stratified squamous epithelium, for protection of the urinary bladder as urine enters B) pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells, produced mucus so the urine can pass easily C) simple squamous epithelium, allows diffusion of urine into the urinary bladder D) simple cuboidal epithelium, allows for secretion of urine E) transitional epithelium, allows for repeated stretching and recoiling back to its original shape

e

Identify the structure where ATP is produced. 63) A) 3 B) 7 C) 6 D) 2 E) 1

e

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness. 110) A) nerve B) tone C) neural D) vertigo E) conductive

e

Muscles including the term "capitis" would be found within or attached to the 70) A) groin. B) neck. C) abdomen. D) thorax. E) head.

e

Name the two types of motor pathways. (Module 14.7B) 161) A) peripheral and visceral B) sympathetic and parasympathetic C) external and internal D) sensory and somatosensory E) somatic and visceral

e

Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________. 205) A) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors B) baroreceptors; nociceptors C) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) nociceptors; thermoreceptors

e

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. 25) A) irregular B) tendon C) sesamoid D) sagittal E) sutural

e

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division. 150) A) somatomotor B) thoracolumbar C) visceral D) sympathetic E) parasympathetic

e

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth. 113) A) membranous callus B) auditory ossicle C) bony callus D) vestibule E) bony labyrinth

e

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories. 185) A) amygdaloid body B) mammillary bodies C) cingulate gyrus D) fornix E) hippocampus

e

The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as 108) A) hyperopia. B) myopia. C) color blindness. D) vertigo. E) cataracts.

e

The adrenal medullae secrete 154) A) renin. B) norepinephrine. C) medullin. D) epinephrine. E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine

e

The auditory cortex is located in the 188) A) occipital lobe. B) frontal lobe. C) insula. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe.

e

The cerebellum 91) A) receives input from the motor cortex and basal nuclei. B) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. C) if damaged, leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. D) compares intended movement to actual movement. E) All the answers are correct.

e

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are 196) A) III and V. B) I, II, and III. C) II and VI. D) II, III, and IV. E) III, IV, and VI.

e

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts. 2. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epithyses forming the secondary ossification centers. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Remodeling continues and the shaft becomes thicker. 5. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region forming the primary ossification center. What is the correct order for these events? 37) A) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 B) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 E) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

e

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. 1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles. 2. Exocytosis. 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the trans face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the cis face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins. What is the proper order for these steps? A) 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2 C) 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4 D) 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5 E) 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2

e

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found 21) A) on the chest. B) in the axillae. C) surrounding the genitals. D) on the upper back. E) on the palms of the hands.

e

The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the 142) A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) fungiform papillae. D) filiform papillae. E) circumvallate papillae.

e

The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant. A) hepatic B) left lower C) right lower D) left upper E) right upper

e

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the 168) A) septum pellucidum. B) interventricular foramina. C) tentorium cerebelli. D) central canal. E) cerebral aqueduct.

e

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the 180) A) vermis. B) pyramid. C) cerebellar peduncles. D) folia. E) arbor vitae

e

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive 126) A) green. B) blue. C) blackness. D) red. E) white.

e

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen? 202) A) VIII B) IX C) XII D) XI E) X

e

Which of the following anatomical sequences is correct? 118) A) tympanum - incus - stapes - malleus - oval window - round window B) tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - round window - oval window C) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - round window - oval window D) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - oval window - round window E) tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window

e

Which structure contains the receptors for hearing? 117) A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11

e

While playing softball, Gina is struck in the superior medial portion of her left zygomatic bone by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have? 42) A) a sore back B) a broken jaw C) a headache at the back of the head D) a sore chest E) a black eye

e

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

e

Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? 23) A) Basal cell carcinoma affects the stratum basale only and will not spread to any other layer, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which can be found throughout the epidermis. B) Basal cell carcinoma only occurs on the face, whereas malignant melanoma can occur anywhere on the body. C) Basal cell carcinoma only occurs in the elderly, whereas malignant melanoma occurs in children and young adults. D) Basal cell carcinoma affect the cells of the stratum basale which cannot form tumors, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which form cancerous tumors. E) Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.

e

You witness your friend Greg in a fist-fight. He is hit in the jaw and when you look at him, his face appears misaligned. You drive him to the emergency department and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken 46) A) zygomatic bone. B) clavicle. C) external auditory meatus. D) temporal bone. E) mandible.

e

________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated. 177) A) Relaying B) Ascending C) Descending D) Coordinating E) Decussation

e

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface. 136) A) Emmetropia B) Myopia C) Cataract D) Hyperopia E) Conjunctivitis

e

1) The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed A) effector control. B) positive feedback. C) homeostasis. D) negative feedback. E) integration.

c

A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by 57) A) slippage of the fibrocartilage disc. B) transformation of fibrocartilage to hyaline cartilage. C) protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. D) ossification of the vertebral disc. E) loss of annulus fibrosis elasticity.

c

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected? 200) A) trigeminal B) vagus C) hypoglossal D) glossopharyngeal E) spinal accessory

c

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron. 93) A) lower motor B) upper motor C) preganglionic D) somatomotor E) postganglionic

c

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer? 17) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) below layer 5 E) 5

c

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the 85) A) diencephalon. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) pons. E) midbrain.

c

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the 79) A) transport of neurotransmitters within axons. B) formation of myelin sheaths. C) formation of cerebrospinal fluid. D) repair of axons. E) formation of ganglia.

c

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of cranial nerve 197) A) X. B) I. C) IX. D) II. E) IV.

c

Identify the three types of cones. (Module 15.11C) 102) A) white, red and green cones B) red, blue and yellow cones C) red, green and blue cones D) red, green and yellow cones E) black, white, and color cones

c

In Figure 3-1, which structure is water most likely to pass through? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

c

Which structure is known as the vestibule? 100) A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11

a

"Spikes" form on a dehydrating blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. A) hypertonic B) isotonic C) hypotonic

a

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. 26) A) foramen B) fissure C) line D) process E) ramus

a

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time. 194) A) electroencephalogram B) electrocardiogram C) CT scan D) MRI E) X-ray

a

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the 35) A) external callus. B) epiphyseal plate. C) condyle. D) dense tuberosity. E) fracture facet.

a

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce A) melanin. B) perspiration. C) keratin. D) carotene. E) hemoglobin.

a

Antibodies are produced by A) plasma cells. B) microphages. C) mast cells. D) fibroblasts. E) macrophages.

a

Autonomic motor neurons 146) A) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. B) cause general relaxation. C) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. D) cause general excitation. E) conduct impulses from sensory receptors

a

Bone is ________ tissue. A) living connective B) dead connective C) living muscle D) dead epithelial E) living epithelial

a

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. 149) A) chain B) collateral C) prevertebral D) intramural E) suprarenal

a

Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone? 39) A) inhibits calcitonin secretion. B) stimulates osteoblast activity. C) lowers the level of calcium ion in the blood. D) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. E) increase the rate of calcium excretion.

a

Which of the following organelles neutralizes toxic compound during cell metabolism? A) peroxisome B) ribosomes C) centrioles D) mitochondria E) microvilli

a

Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a hemidesmosome? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

a

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A) 162) A) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. B) Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body. C) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies. D) Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. E) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

a

Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except 97) A) filiform. B) fungiform. C) vallate. D) foliate.

a

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he 82) A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) would have full range of motion in all extremities. C) could walk without difficulty. D) would be in a coma. E) would exhibit none of the above.

a

In the retina, the correct sequence of neural wiring is 123) A) rod - bipolar cell - ganglion cell - thalamus. B) cone - bipolar cell - pigmented cell - inferior colliculus. C) rod - bipolar cell - amacrine cell - pigmented cell. D) cone - bipolar cell - horizontal cell - pigmented cell. E) rod - bipolar cell - pigmented cell - thalamus.

a

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? 90) A) hypothalamus B) prefrontal cortex C) postcentral gyrus D) basal nuclei E) reticular formation

a

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. 158) A) dual B) complementary C) opposing

a

Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals 112) A) signals rotational movements. B) signals body position with respect to gravity. C) signals linear acceleration. D) produces a rushing sound. E) allows us to hear low tones.

a

Rickets can be prevented by 22) A) adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol. B) dietary intake of cholecalciferol and avoiding sunlight. C) adequate sunlight. D) avoiding sunlight. E) dietary intake of cholecalciferol.

a

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the 84) A) thalamus. B) midbrain. C) pons. D) cerebellum. E) medulla oblongata.

a

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called 58) A) myoblasts. B) myomeres. C) sarcomeres. D) myofibrils. E) fascicles.

a

The Na+/K+ ion pump is responsible for 65) A) maintaining the sodium/potassium concentration gradients constant. B) amplifying signals using ATP. C) initiating action potentials. D) diffusing chloride across the plasma membrane. E) transferring messages from enzyme-linked receptors to the cell nucleus

a

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. 119) A) outer; middle B) inner; middle C) middle; inner D) outer; inner E) None of the answers is correct.

a

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex. 183) A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) pons D) cerebrum E) medulla oblongata

a

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later? 50) A) cervical and lumbar B) thoracic and sacral C) cervical and sacral D) sacral and lumbar E) thoracic and lumbar

a

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on 109) A) which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated. B) the frequency of kinocilia vibration. C) the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane. D) the number of hair cells that are stimulated. E) the amplitude of the wave.

a

The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the 133) A) vitreous humor. B) aqueous humor. C) perilymph. D) tears. E) ora serrata.

a

The palpebrae are connected at the 138) A) lateral and medial angles of the eye. B) eyelids. C) conjunctiva. D) lacrimal caruncle. E) medial canthus only.

a

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the 134) A) iris. B) retina C) cornea. D) pupil. E) lens

a

The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is the 60) A) A band. B) I band. C) H band. D) M line. E) Z line.

a

The smallest neuroglia of the CNS that act as phagocytes are the 78) A) microglia. B) tanycytes. C) ependymocytes. D) astrocytes. E) oligodendrocytes.

a

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem are located in the 165) A) pons. B) midbrain. C) thalamus. D) medulla oblongata. E) diencephalon.

a

The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the ________ fiber. 67) A) slow B) anaerobic C) high-density D) fast E) intermediate

a

The vitreous body 135) A) helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina. B) is removed and recycled every few hours. C) fills the anterior cavity. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

a

The wrist is ________ to the elbow. A) distal B) medial C) lateral D) proximal E) horizontal

a

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes. 159) A) short B) long C) both short and long D) neither short nor long

a

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system? 40) A) pectoral girdle B) vertebral column C) hyoid bone D) auditory ossicles E) skull

a

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? 36) A) hematoma B) cyanosis C) erythema D) tachycardia E) hypertension

a

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain. 210) A) referred B) neurogenic C) phantom D) psychogenic E) somatic

a

________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. 114) A) Ceruminous B) Sweat C) Sudoriferous D) Mammary E) Apocrine sweat

a

________ monitor the internal environment. 77) A) Interoceptors B) Special sensory receptors C) Exteroceptors D) Endoceptors E) Sensory ganglia

a

99) ________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color. 99) A) Rods B) Cones

b

Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________. 206) A) baroreceptors; nociceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors D) nociceptors; thermoreceptors E) chemoreceptors; nociceptors

b

Cerebrospinal fluid 171) A) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. B) is secreted by ependymal cells. C) is formed by a passive process and has almost the same composition as blood plasma. D) is formed by a passive process. E) has almost the same composition as blood plasma

b

Damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with the reflex ability to 89) A) voluntarily move the arm. B) react to a bright light. C) maintain proper posture. D) react to loud noises. E) express rage.

b

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving 157) A) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. B) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. C) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. D) two nerves from the spinal cord. E) two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.

b

During the ________ phase of action potential development, voltage-gated sodium channels are open. 66) A) threshold B) depolarization C) refractory D) repolarization

b

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the 182) A) nucleus cuneatus. B) substantia nigra. C) nucleus gracilis. D) red nucleus. E) motor cortex.

b

Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except 145) A) adipose tissue. B) skeletal muscle. C) smooth muscle. D) cardiac muscle. E) glands.

b

Identify the sphenoid bone. 44) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

b

Identify the structure at label "1." 56) A) meniscus B) bursa C) articular cartilage D) joint cavity E) synovial membrane

b

If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________ because it is not a special sense. 204) A) hearing B) cold C) smell D) sight E) balance

b

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the 151) A) heart. B) digestive tract. C) arrector pili muscles. D) pupils. E) sweat glands.

b

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue. A) any muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) smooth muscle E) neural

b

Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured? 43) A) mandible B) ethmoid bone C) sphenoid bone D) parietal bone E) temporal bone

b

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains. 83) A) more convoluted B) larger C) the same size D) very smooth E) smaller

b

Parkinson's disease is the result of 92) A) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. B) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. C) weak response of the red nuclei of the midbrain. D) hyperactivity of the limbic system. E) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

b

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. 95) A) acetylcholine B) acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine C) norepinephrine D) nitric oxide E) None of the answers is correct.

b

The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve. 198) A) abducens B) vestibulocochlear C) trigeminal D) oculomotor E) trochlear

b

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. 75) A) afferent B) central C) efferent D) autonomic E) periphera

b

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. 184) A) cerebellum B) hypothalamus C) medulla oblongata D) cerebrum E) pons

b

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. 27) A) 167 B) 206 C) 311 D) 114 E) 276

b

The central body of a muscle is also known as the 69) A) fulcrum. B) belly. C) corpus. D) core. E) gut.

b

The first step in the process of photoreception is 125) A) inhibition of the sodium pumps. B) absorption of a photon by a visual pigment. C) release of neurotransmitter. D) the bleaching of rods. E) the bleaching of cones.

b

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? 33) A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 4, 2, 1, 3 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 1, 4

b

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the 160) A) pons. B) hypothalamus. C) medulla oblongata. D) cerebrum. E) thalamus.

b

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the 186) A) arcuate gyrus. B) precentral gyrus. C) corpus callosum. D) postcentral gyrus. E) insula.

b

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? 147) A) craniosacral division B) thoracolumbar division C) resting division D) somatic division E) both somatic division and craniosacral division

b

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the 193) A) transverse fissure. B) longitudinal fissure. C) parieto-occipital sulcus. D) postcentral sulcus. E) central sulcus.

b

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the 178) A) cortex. B) arbor vitae. C) fourth ventricle. D) vermis. E) medulla.

b

Twelve-year-old Aaron tried out for the Little League baseball team and was chosen as a pitcher. One day, after a few months of practice and games, Aaron's father told him, "Hey, kid, you're really getting some muscle definition there! You're going to be a major league pitcher someday, with muscles like that!" Which of Aaron's muscles in particular do you think were growing stronger and getting larger as a result of his pitching? 74) A) mentalis, risorius, levator anguli oris B) deltoid, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis C) triangularis, masseter, trapezius D) peroneus longus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius E) sartorius, soleus, rectus femoris

b

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? 170) A) dura mater B) pia mater C) choroid plexus D) arachnoid mater E) falx cerebelli

b

Which is greater? 34) A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

b

Which layer of the eye would be the first affected by inadequate tear production? (Module 15.6B) 105) A) sclera B) conjunctiva C) pupil D) retina E) iris

b

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS? 152) A) spinal nerves B) short pre-ganglionic fibers C) dorsal rami D) ventral roots E) ventral rami

b

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? A) lymphatic B) respiratory C) cardiovascular D) digestive E) endocrine

b

While visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant's soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the "soft spot" located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is the 49) A) occipital fontanel. B) anterior fontanel. C) sphenoidal fontanel. D) cushion spot. E) mastoid fontanel.

b

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to 201) A) see. B) smell his food. C) blink his eyes. D) nod his head. E) smile.

b

dentify the first stage in skin repair. (Module 5.12A) 24) A) proliferation B) inflammation C) scarring D) keloid formation E) migration

b

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to 192) A) move her left arm. B) speak. C) analyze by touch an object in her right hand. D) touch her nose with her eyes closed. E) recognize written words.

c

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb? 203) A) glossopharyngeal B) facial C) trigeminal D) trochlear E) hypoglossal

c

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? 156) A) constriction of respiratory passageways B) reduction in heart rate C) feeling of euphoria and increased energy D) constriction of the pupils E) diarrhea

c

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the 88) A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebrum. C) cerebellum. D) midbrain. E) pons

c

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________. 128) A) dilation; dilation B) vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction C) constriction; dilation D) constriction; constriction E) dilation; constriction

c

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves 140) A) IX, X, and XI. B) V, VII, and IX. C) VII, IX, and X. D) VII, VIII, and IX. E) IX, XI, and XII.

c

The brain stops enlarging and the cranial sutures ossify by age 48) A) 2. B) 4. C) 5. D) 3. E) 1.

c

The external ear ends at the 121) A) cochlea. B) vestibule. C) tympanic membrane. D) pinna. E) ossicles.

c

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of 141) A) lamellar corpuscles. B) mechanoreceptors in the ear. C) olfactory receptors. D) light receptors in the eye. E) Meissner corpuscles.

c

The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the 120) A) auricle. B) auditory meatus. C) pharyngotympanic tube D) bony labyrinth. E) membranous labyrinth.

c

The most abundant cell type in bone is 28) A) osteoblasts. B) osteogenic cells. C) osteocytes. D) osteoclasts. E) osteolytes.

c

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain 80) A) cell bodies of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. ) cell bodies of sensory neurons. D) synapses. E) axons of motor neurons.

c

The region of the sarcomere that always contains only thin filaments is the 61) A) A band. B) Z line. C) I band. D) M line. E) H band.

c

Trace the gustatory pathway from the taste receptors to the cerebral cortex. (Module 15.4C) 106) A) taste receptors — hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves — medial lemniscus — synapse in the thalamus — synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata —gustatory cortex of the insula B) taste receptors — facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves — medial lemniscus — synapse in the thalamus — synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata — gustatory cortex of the insula C) taste receptors — facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves — synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata — medial lemniscus — synapse in the thalamus — gustatory cortex of the insula D) taste receptors — hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves — synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata — medial lemniscus — synapse in the thalamus — gustatory cortex of the insula E) taste receptors — facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves — lateral lemniscus — synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata — synapse in the thalamus — gustatory cortex of the insula

c

Where are visual images perceived? (Module 15.13B) 101) A) visual association areas of the cerebral cortex B) lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus C) visual cortex of the occipital lobe D) lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus and the insula of the cerebrum E) insula of the cerebrum

c

Where does endochondral lengthening occur? 31) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

c

Which of the following is improperly paired? 166) A) septum pellucidum — a thin partition that separates the two lateral ventricles B) falx cerebri — a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres C) corpus callosum — thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres D) cerebral aqueduct — slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricle E) interventricular foramen - the opening between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

c

________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. 164) A) Lobes B) Nuclei C) Ventricles D) Fissures E) Gyri

c

________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior. 195) A) Aphasia B) Dyslexia C) A seizure D) Parkinson's disease E) Apraxia

c

Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B) 103) A) Rods require intense light, and objects appear black and white. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. B) Both rods and cones require intense light. Rods allow color vision and cones allow objects to appear black and white. C) Rods require intense light, and objects appear in color. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in black and white. D) Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color. E) Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in black and white.

d

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of 208) A) tetanus. B) Alzheimer's disease. C) rabies. D) Parkinson's disease. E) myasthenia gravis.

d

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n) 167) A) cerebral aqueduct. B) aqueduct of midbrain. C) septum pellucidum. D) interventricular foramen. E) medulla oblongata.

d

Identify the structure at "4." 32) A) spongy bone B) hyaline cartilage C) intramembranous bone D) periosteum E) mesenchyme

d

In a sarcomere, thick filaments are linked laterally by proteins of the 64) A) A band. B) I band. C) H band. D) M line. E) Z line

d

Muscarinic receptors 155) A) always produce an excitatory response. B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. C) are blocked by norepinephrine. D) are normally activated by acetylcholine. E) control sodium channels in the affected membrane.

d

Parasympathetic stimulation 96) A) causes the pupils to dilate. B) causes sweat glands to secrete. C) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. D) increases gastric motility. E) increases heart rate.

d

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except 94) A) IX. B) III. C) X. D) XII. E) VII.

d

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye. 137) A) canthus B) iris C) anterior chamber D) conjunctiva E) cornea

d

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. 76) A) autonomic B) sympathetic C) afferent D) somatic E) parasympathetic

d

The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except 179) A) equilibrium-related sensations. B) proprioceptor information. C) visual information. D) gustatory information. E) tactile sensations.

d

The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called A) metothelium. B) perithelium. C) mesothelium. D) endothelium. E) ectothelium.

d

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the 181) A) red nuclei. B) cerebral peduncles. C) superior colliculi. D) inferior colliculi. E) substantia nigra.

d

The neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the 172) A) meninges. B) arachnoid granulations. C) dura mater. D) blood-brain barrier. E) choroid plexuses.

d

The repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the 59) A) sarcolemma. B) myofilament. C) sarcoplasmic reticulum. D) sarcomere. E) myofibril.

d

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the 176) A) substantia nigra of the midbrain. B) reticular formation of the pons. C) arbor vitae of the cerebellum. D) reflex centers of the medulla oblongata. E) left cerebral hemisphere

d

The skull contains ________ bones. 41) A) 12 B) 42 C) 32 D) 22 E) None of the answers is correct.

d

The smallest stable units of matter are A) electrons. B) neutrons. C) protons. D) atoms. E) molecules.

d

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the 169) A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) lateral.

d

The visual cortex is located in the 187) A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

d

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated 127) A) red, green, and yellow. B) red, white, and blue. C) red, yellow, and blue. D) red, green, and blue.

d

Tina falls and fractures her pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured? 54) A) forearm B) foot C) hand D) wrist E) ankle

d

What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A) 104) A) macula B) lens C) fovea centralis D) optic disc E) neural layer of the retina

d

When an external force bends the stereocilia of the inner ear hair cells, 122) A) the cells become unresponsive. B) the force is converted into mechanical energy. C) dizziness results. D) there is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells. E) the hair cells are temporarily damaged.

d

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brainstem? 163) A) pons B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) diencephalon E) midbrain

d

Which of these is one of the auditory ossicles? 47) A) incus B) malleus C) stapes D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

d

Which one of the following best defines differentiation? A) fertilization of ovum by sperm B) coordinated action of different cells C) cell growth D) the process of gradual structural and functional specialization of daughter cells E) maintenance of homeostasis at cellular level

d

Which structure is termed a central canal? 29) A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

d