Anatomy
what neurotransmitter does the ANS use in the synapse between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart?
ACh
when and how does transcription occur?
DNA codes for mRNA with nucleus
what is the molecule that unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule?
Dna helicase
what is spatial summation
EPSPs from different synapse add up to the threshold at the axon hillock
what are important to the chemical reactivity, osmotic effects and electrical excitability of nerve and muscles?
Electrolytes
What produces the collagen of areolar tissue?
Fibroblasts
What is a substance that is capable of dissolving freely in water?
Ionic bond, hydrophillic
how does the skeletal system help maintain acid-base balance?
Mineral deposition and resorption- alternates phosphate and carbonate salt levels
what makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?
Na+ leakage
what is the most injured sits muscle?
Supraspinatus
what are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium exchange between blood and bone?
calcitonin, calcitriol and PTH
which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintain strong bones?
calcium
when a hormone cannot enter a cell, what does it activate the formation of the get inside the cell?
carrier proteins, bind to receptors
what is the forerunner of most bones, and covers many joint surfaces of mature bone?
cartilage
when the adrenal medulla is stimulated in response to stress, what hormones does is release?
catecholamines, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
what is the seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgement, and voluntary motor actions?
cerebrum
the anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexus
cervical plexus
which glial cell from the myelin sheath in central nervous system?
cns- oligeodendrocytes pns- schwann cells
when a skeletal muscle lengthens what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle
collagen
what can increase the reaction in the human body
concentration of reactants increase, temperature rises and catalyst present - enzyme catayst faciliatate reaction, catalysts not changed by reaction
what type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other?
condylar/ ellipsoid
which tissue has more matrix than cells?
connective tissue
what type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?
contralateral contraction of your right shoulder sternocleidomastoid muscle
what is the bony feature of the scapula that is the attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon?
coracoid process
which structure prevents knee hyperextension
acl
what process only occurs in the plasma membrane of a living cell?
active transport
what mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex that allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally?
amygdala
define hypothesis
an educated speculation or possible answer to question
what supplies ATP for muscle contraption during short bursts of intense activity?
anaerobic
which glands are inactive until puberty, produce a milky sweat that contains fatty acids and responds to stress and sexual stimulation?
apocrine glands
where is CSF reabsorbed into the blood?
arachnoid vili
what equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
auditory eustachian tube
which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting to the CNS to an effector?
autonomic
what two types of joints are found in the shoulder region
ball and socket, synovial and multiaxial joint
which stretch receptor in the walls of the arteries trigger a reflex that cause the heart rate to decrease?
baroreceptors
what is highly permeable to water, glucose and lipid soluble substances but can be an obstacle for delivering medications to the brain?
brain barrier system
what happens to the covalent bonds in a exchange reaction?
broken then replaced with new elements
during exercise when your muscle produce lactate, how does the body maintain a constant blood pH?
buffers
what is the roof like structure that is posterior to the cerebral aqueduct and has four bulges that are involved in visual tracking and reflexes as well as the processing of auditory and signals and reflexes?
corpora quadrigemina
what are the functions of the plasma membrane?
define boundaries, govern interactions with other cells, control passage of materials in and out of cell
which cell tye is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum
dendritic cells
tendons are composed of which connective tissue?
dense regular connective tissue
what would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked?
depolarize cell more positive
What are the swelling of clustered somas of neurons outside the central nervous system?
dorsal root ganglion
what is the most common form of shoulder displacement
downward displacement of humerus
where is elastic cartilage found in the human body?
ear and epiglottis
where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor stem cells found?
endosteum and inner layer of periosteum
what beneficial adaptions occur during a lengthy aerobic training program?
endurance, increase RBC O2 carrying capacity, enhance functions of CV, respiratory and nervous system
which autonomic reflex is not controlled by the spinal cord?
enteric
what is the most abundant formed element of the blood?
erythrocyte
what is the crossed extension reflex?
extension of opposite leg prevents falling
what is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament
external occipital protuberance
what are the characteristics of carbohydrates?
hydrophilic, all digested carbs turn to glucose which is oxidized into ATP
In an excitatory cholinergic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocystosis of acetylcholine?
voltage gated Ca2+ channels
which channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane?
voltage gated channels
what is the layer of skin that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and is the common site or drug injections due to its vascularity?
hypodermis
what part of the diencephalon senses dehydration and regulates the sleep wake cycle and body temperature?
hypothalamus
what is the function of dietary antioxidants?
improve immune function/neutralize free radicals
what are the symptoms of meningitis? what is used to make diagnosis?
inflammation of meninges and a spinal tap
what are the functions of myelin
insulation, increase conduction speed
what is the synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem that determines whether afferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles?
integrating center
what type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system
interneurons
what is the name of the dense fibrous connective tissue membrane that forms ligament found between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula?
interosseous membrane
what bony structure of the humerus holds the biceps tendon?
intertubercular sulcus
what is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication and nutrition to knee joints?
meniscus
what is the study of the mechanism of disease?
pathology
What links individual amino acids together?
peptide bonds
what part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear cavities, the receptors for hearing and balance and the internal auditory and meatus?
petrous
what is the delicate membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord, continues inferiorly as fibrous terminal filum, uses with dura, and forms the coccygeal ligament
pia mater
what parts of the brainstem control respiration
pons and medulla oblongata
what is involved in spinal gating of pain signals
posterior horns
which tissue is multilayered with nuclei at several layers, contains cilia, and goblet cells, and is found in the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified epithelium
what is the name of the joint between the diaphysis of the radius and ulna?
radioulnar joint
what action does the stretch reflex require to prevent an antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist?
reciprocol inhibition
what qualities do glycosaminogylcans (GAGs) give to the ground substance in tissues?
regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues.
which connective tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblast, forms a supportive stroma in lymphatic organs and can be found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow?
reticular tissue
what structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what is the longest muscle in the human body?
sartorius
which tissue permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes a serious fluid and is located in the alveoli of the lungs and glomeruli of the kidneys?
simple squamous epithelium
what is formed during fracture healing when cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue?
soft callus
which tracts of the spinal cord send feedback to the cerebellum from the muscles and joints?
spinocerebellar tract
what are the functions of the skeleton
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid base balance and blood formation
what is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline binds the bones together
synchondrosis
which joints are cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis- rib to sternum symphysis- vertebrae and pubis
what is rich in albium and hyaluronic acid has a viscous slipper texture like raw egg whites?
synovial fluid
which cells are associated with sense of touch?
tactile cells
what is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is also the integration center of the autonomic nervous system?
thalamus
which nerve does most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in?
vagus X
what type of reflex occurs when the body temperature increases, and thermoreceptors are stimulated sending nerve signals to the CNS and motor signals to the sweat glands to reduce body temperature
visceral
how many liters of blood does the muscular system utilize per minute during intense exercise?
11.6 l/min
how many skull bones are there? How many phalanges?
22 bones in skull and 14 phalanges
what is the inorganic matter of osseous tissue matrix composed of?
85 hydroxyapatite 10 calcium carbonate
what is the simplest strucure considered to be alive?
Cells
what type of lever is the atlanto occipital joint?
first class lever
how do you identify squamous cell carcinoma?
form keratinocytes of stratum spinosum metastasizes to lymph node
what are examples of oxidation
glucose oxidation- oxidizing agent (accepts electron)
what is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?
glycogen
what cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes?
goblet cells
What structures are found in the spinal cord?
gray and white matter
what establishes the resting membrane potention?
ions of Na+ (ECF) k+ (ICF)
why does resting membrane potential exist?
ions unequally distributed in ECF and ICF
what is the name of the spaces found in the concentric lamellae? what do they contain?
lacuna - osteocytes
what are the inactive and active forms of vitamin D after hydroxylation in the liver and the kidney?
liver inactive- calcidiol kidney active calcitriol
which vertebrae provide the largest range of motion in each of the 3 body planes?
lumbar
which white blood cell is found in the dendritic cells of the epidermis that originates in the bone marrow and guards against pathogens?
macrophages
what is homeostasis?
maintaining internal condtions
what type of receptor are most encapsulated nerve endings
mechanoreceptors
what are the air-filled holes in the skull that act as chambers and add resonance to the voice?
paranasal sinus
what beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training
muscle growth
which specilized cells within the nervous tissue protect and assist neurons and function as housekeepers of the nervous system?
neuroglia/glia cells
which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response?
noreinephrine
DNA is the polymer of what and what does it consist of
nucleotide and its a pair of 3 base pair
what stimulates olfaction
odors bind to hairs
what is a motor unit?
one nerve fiber all muscle innervate
which bone cells secretes hormone osteocalcin and stimulate insulin secretion increasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes limiting the growth of adipose tissue?
osteoblasts
what are the bone dissolving cells on the bone surfaces called?
osteoclasts
what is the most abundant element found in the body
oxygen
what are examples of negative feedback in the human body?
thermoregulation, homeostasis, blood pressure
what type of junctions does the blood-CSF barrier utilize between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries to form tight junctions between ependymal cells
tight junctions
where are the trusses and arches found that help form internal scaffolding networking of bone?
trabeculae in the spongy bone
what breaks the bond between active site on actin and the myosin head?
tropomyosin
