Anatomy Study Guide 2

What prompts the closure of the epiphyseal plate around age 18-21? mitosis in the zone of calcification chondrocytes increase in size and mature ossification of the zone of proliferation chondrocytes actively divide

ossification of the zone of proliferation

Why are damaged neurons usually not replaced? Neurons are supported by neuroglial cells. Neurons are excitable cells. Neurons are amitotic. Neurons are voluntarily controlled by the brain.

neurons are amitotic

Thin skin contains: Thin skin contains: one more layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. two more layers of keratinocytes than thick skin. the same layers of keratinocytes as thick skin.

one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin.

A serous membrane contains a superficial layer of epithelial tissue and a deeper layer of connective tissue. Thus, serous membranes are classified as: amitotic. organs. avascular. tissues.

organs

What is the last process to occur in the epiphyseal plate of a long bone? proliferation ossification maturation calcification

ossification

What cells contribute to the process of calcification during intramembranous ossification? What cells contribute to the process of calcification during intramembranous ossification? osteoclasts keratinocytes osteocytes osteoblasts

osteoblasts

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition? Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition? lacuna osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts

osteoblasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? osteocyte osteogenic cell osteoblast osteoclast

osteoclast

What type of large, multinucleated cell destroys bone? osteocyte chondroblast osteoblast osteoclast

osteoclast

Bone resorption requires the ability of: osteoblasts osteoclasts chondrocytes osteocytes

osteoclasts

Osteoblasts are to bone deposition as: Osteoblasts are to bone deposition as: osteocytes are to fat storage. osteocytes are to bone formation. osteoclasts are to bone resorption. osteoclasts are to hematopoiesis.

osteoclasts are to bone resorption.

Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are: Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are: osteogenic cells. osteocytes. osteoblasts. osteoclasts.

osteocytes.

Cells that develop into osteoblasts are called: Cells that develop into osteoblasts are called: osteons. osteogenic cells. osteoclasts. osteocytes.

osteogenic cells.

The structural units of mature compact bone are called: The structural units of mature compact bone are called: lacunae. osteocytes. osteons. canaliculi.

osteons.

Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon? Which of the following are NOT components of an osteon? lacunae trabeculae canaliculi lamellae

trabeculae

Which statement best describes primary bone? Which statement best describes primary bone? Primary bone contains abundant osteocytes and little inorganic matrix. Primary bone is stronger than secondary bone since it contains many lamellae. Primary bone has regularly arranged parallel bundles of collagen fibers for strength. Primary bone contains a higher percentage of inorganic matrix than secondary bone.

Primary bone contains abundant osteocytes and little inorganic matrix.

Where is simple columnar epithelium located? lining the esophagus lining of the nasal cavity lining of the small intestine forming the air sacs of the lungs

lining of the small intestine

Place the following steps of bone repair in order: 1. The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone 2. A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments 3. Osteoblasts build a new bone callus 4. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus forms 3,2,4,1 2,3,4,1 3,2,1,4 2,4,3,1

2,4,3,1

Correctly order the following steps in the process of endochondral ossification 1. Chondrcytes die 2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surfaces of the bone 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels 4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone 5. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts 3,,1,2,3,5 3,1,4,5,2 4,3,2,1,5 3,5,2,1,4

3,5,2,1,4

How long will it take for a suntan to fade? How long will it take for a suntan to fade? 40 to 50 days 5 to 10 days 10 to 20 days 20 to 40 days

40 to 50 days

How long does a bone repair generally take? 2-4 weeks 6-8 weeks 12-16 weeks 4-4 months

6-8 weeks

What does cyanosis signify? What does cyanosis signify? A person has been exposed to cyanide. A person has been kept out of the sun. A person has been exposed to too much sun. A person has oxygen-starved skin.

A person has oxygen-starved skin.

What type of bone growth do you thinka 40 yr old male experiences? appositional growth longitudinal growth lengthwise growth endochondral ossification

Appositional growth

Why is articular cartilage an important part of long bone structure? Why is articular cartilage an important part of long bone structure? Articular cartilage is the site of lengthwise growth in young children and adolescents. Articular cartilage lines all inner surfaces of the bone. Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints. Articular cartilage houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints.

Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone? Why are collagen fibers a critical component of bone? Collagen fibers act as "glue" to bind components together. Collagen fibers help the bone resist compression. Collagen fibers help trap water in the ECM. Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

Collagen fibers help bone resist twisting, pulling, or stretching forces.

What role do the dermal papillae play in the dermis? What role do the dermal papillae play in the dermis? Dermal papillae house many collagen fibers to strengthen the dermis. Dermal papillae house lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles that detect deep pressure and vibrations applied to the skin. Dermal papillae house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis. Dermal papillae house melanocytes that produce the skin pigment melanin.

Dermal papillae house blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular epidermis.

How do nutrients reach the epidermis of the skin? Blood vessels carry nutrients directly into the epidermis. Solute pumping transports nutrients into the epidermis. Nutrients migrate in vesicles from the hypodermis into the epidermis. Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis.

Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis

How are epithelial tissues classified? Epithelium is classified as either loose or dense. Epithelium is classified as either voluntary or involuntary. Epithelium is classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells. Epithelium is classified by the presence or absence of ECM.

Epithelium is classified by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

What do fibroblasts contribute to bone repair? Fibroblasts secrete hylalin cartilage to form a soft callus Fibroblasts form the hematoma that involves a mass of blood cells Fibroblasts direct the transition from primary bone to secondary bone Fibroblasts form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments

Fibroblasts form new collagen fibers to bridge the gap between bone fragments

Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn? The skin will darken due to increased melanin accumulation. Flexure lines appear where the skin has been stressed. Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear. Tension, or cleavage, lines disappear.

Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear.

What is NOT an effect of growth hormone? Growth hormone directly stimulates osteoblasts in the periosteum to promote appositional growth Growth hormone increases the rate of mitosis in the epiphyseal plate of growth bones Growth hormones increases the activity of osteogenic cells Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plates

Growth hormone promotes the closure of the epiphyseal plate

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage? How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage? Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis. Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA. Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperature so the melanin will not denature. Keratinocytes maintain the proper pH for melanocytes to synthesize melanin granules.

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA.

Jill is blind and often uses braille (a system of raised dots) to read her school assignments. What cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis helps her discriminate between the textured dots? Jill is blind and often uses braille (a system of raised dots) to read her school assignments. What cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis helps her discriminate between the textured dots? Merkel cell keratinocyte melanocyte dendritic (Langerhans) cell

Merkel cell

Which of the following does NOT correctly depict the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration PTH eliminates the intestines to absorb calcium ions PTH weakens the bones PTH stimulates osteoclast activity

PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration

How would the removal of hydroxyapatite crystals from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? How would the removal of hydroxyapatite crystals from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? The bone would be less compressible. The bone would be more flexible. The bone would be stronger. The bone would be less flexible.

The bone would be more flexible.

A radiograph reveals epiphyseal lines in the long bones of a 12 yr olds hand. Which of the following statements is correct? Administration of growth hormones will stimiulate further bone growth in length The epiphyseal plates have ossified, and further growth in length is not possible More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate the rebuilding of epiphyseal plates Intramembrousous ossification will enable continued growth in length

The epiphyseal plates have ossified , and further growth in length is not possible

Why are eyelashes shorter than terminal hairs on the scalp? Why are eyelashes shorter than terminal hairs on the scalp? The growth stage of an eyelash is shorter. Eyelashes grow slower than terminal hairs. Hormones in the eyebrow follicle turn off growth after it has reached a predetermined length. The vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is much less than that of the hair follicle on the scalp.

The growth stage of an eyelash is shorter.

Melanin is produced upon exposure to: Melanin is produced upon exposure to: wind. cold. heat. UV radiation.

UV radiation.

Which dietary requirement for bone health can be made in repsonse to skin exposure in UV light? vitamin D Vitamin K vitamin C Calcium ions

Vitamin D

The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in: fibrocartilage. areolar connective tissue. reticular tissue. adipose tissue.

adipose tissue

Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the: urinary bladder. nasal cavity. air sacs of the lungs. uterine tubes of a female.

air sacs of the lungs

The free surface of an epithelial tissue is the: apical surface. basement membrane. basal lamina. reticular lamina.

apical surface

Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the: Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the: apocrine glands. mammary glands. sebaceous glands. eccrine glands.

apocrine glands.

As a result of the increase in testosterone at puberty in males: intramembranous ossification increases appositional bone growth increases epiphyseal plates widen rapidly osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption

appositional bone growth increases

What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? arrector pili muscle epidermal ridges epithelial root sheath dermal papillae

arrector pili muscle

Which of the following structures in a bone persists for life?

articular cartilage

What part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body? soma neuroglial cell axon dendrite

axon

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of epithelial tissue is located in the: desmosome. apical surface. basal lamina. reticular lamina.

basal lamina

All cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum: granulosum. corneum. basale. lucidum.

basale

Which of the following occurs if body temperature rises above normal? Sweat gland activity decreases. The activity of melanocytes increases. Evaporative cooling decreases. Blood flow to the dermis increases.

blood flow to the dermis increases

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to: fat. blood. skin. bone.

bone

For a person who starts running for exercise: bone deposition is less than bone resorption bone deposition is not related to bone resorption bone depostion equals bone resorption bone deposition eceeds bone resorption

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

Appositional growth produces: endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification bone growth in width bone growth in length

bone growth in width

Cells that generate, conduct, and receive electrical messages are: dendrites. neurons. soma. neuroglial cells.

neurons

What fibers are common in this tissue? The micrograph shows thick wavy horizontal lines. Some light straight horizontal lines are also shown. collagen only reticular only both elastic and some reticular both elastic and some collagen

both elastic and some collagen

The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by: The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by: melanin. basal cell carcinoma. burns. malignant melanoma.

burns.

In the epiphyseal plate of a long bone, cartilage grows: by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis in a circular fashion from the edges inward by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

what term implies bone deposition via osteoblasts? calcification keratinization degradation resorption

calcification

which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroid hormones estrogen calcitonin testosterone

calcitonin

Bone, or osseous, tissue provides protection for our vital organs since the inorganic ground substance is: mostly water, dissolved solutes, and proteins. both collagen and elastic fibers. calcium phosphate crystals. collagen fibers.

calcium phosphate crystals

What accounts for the majority of bone (osseous) tissue matrix? What accounts for the majority of bone (osseous) tissue matrix? calcium salts collagen fibers osteoid bone marrow

calcium salts

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of: vitamin a, vitamin c, and chlorine calcium, vitamin c, vitamin k sodium, calcium, vitamin e calcium, magnesium, vitamin b

calcium, vitamin C, vitamin K

Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for: Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for: sodium. iron. chlorine. calcium.

calcium.

What canals connect lacunae together? What canals connect lacunae together? perforating (Volkmann's) canals central canals central (Haversian) canals canaliculi

canaliculi

Name this tissue. The micrograph shows thick horizontal bunches that consist of thin dotted lines. Each bunch has one or two dark vertical diaphragms. Nuclei are situated between the bunches. smooth muscle tissue dense irregular connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue cardiac muscle tissue

cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment? Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment? hemoglobin cyanide melanin carotene

carotene

What makes cartilage an unusual connective tissue? Cartilage lacks an extracellular matrix (ECM) and ground substance. Cartilage essentially lacks blood vessels coursing through the cartilage. Cartilage lacks collagen fibers. Types of cartilage are named for their primary locations in the body.

cartilage essentially lacks blood vessels coursing through the cartilage

Which of the following is a mature cartilage cell that resides within a small cavity in the ECM called lacunae? fibroblasts osteoblasts chondroblasts chondrocytes

chondrocytes

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are: trabeculae circumferential lamellae lacunae concentric lamellae

circumferential lamellae

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? mineral storage blood cell formation communication protection of internal organs

communication

The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is: The hard, dense bone that forms the outer surface of bones is: compact bone. spongy bone. articular cartilage. cancellous bone.

compact bone.

The tissue pictured in this figure is: The micrograph shows a cell row on a flat substrate; each cell is attached to the substrate. The cells are vertically elongated and have nuclei located closer to the substrate. They are also covered with hairs on their surface that opposes the substrate. composed of multiple layers of columnar cells. composed of a single layer of columnar cells appearing stratified. composed of two layers of cuboidal cells. composed of two layers of columnar cells.

composed of a single layer of columnar cells appearing stratified

What general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body? connective muscle epithelial nervous

connective

Which of the following types of tissue can be described as irregular or regular? osseous tissue reticular tissue dense connective tissue loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

Fibrosis results in the formation of a type of: loose connective tissue. adipose tissue. dense irregular connective tissue. dense regular collagenous connective tissue.

dense irregular connective tissue

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis? What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis? hyaline cartilage. loose connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue dense regular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

What statement best describes dense regular collagenous connective tissue? Dense regular collagenous connective tissue contains parallel bundles of elastic fibers. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue contains bundles of collagen fibers arranged haphazardly.

dense regular collagenous connective tissues forms tendons and ligaments

Which of the following is an appropriate skin response to cold? Sebaceous gland secretions increase. Dermal blood vessels vasodilate. Dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict. Vitamin D production increases.

dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict

What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger? What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger? gap junction occluding junction tight junction desmosome

desmosome

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the: Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the: epiphyseal plate. diaphysis. articular cartilage. epiphysis.

diaphysis.

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the: Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the: articular cartilage. epiphyses. diaphysis. periosteum.

diaphysis.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is built for: protection from mechanical stresses. diffusion. prevention of water loss through the skin. distensibility.

diffusion

The term diploë refers to the: The term diploë refers to the: two types of marrow found within most bones. fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones. double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone.

double-layered nature of the connective tissue

Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of: Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of: mesenchymal ossification. intramembranous ossification. appositional growth. endochondral ossification.

endochondral ossification.

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as: sebaceous. endocrine. ceruminous. exocrine.

endocrine

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by: We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by: Merkel cells. epidermal ridges. cleavage lines. dendritic (Langerhans) cells.

epidermal ridges.

The most superficial component of the skin is the: dermis. hypodermis. epidermis. loose connective tissue.

epidermis

The region of skin that provides a tough barrier against pathogens and trauma is the: dermis. hypodermis. epidermis. subcutaneous layer.

epidermis

Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the: subcutaneous layer. dermis. epidermis. hypodermis.

epidermis

The main components of the skin are the: dermis and hypodermis. epidermis and dermis. epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and the subcutaneous layer. epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

epidermis and dermis

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line lacunae osteon

epiphyseal plate

What happens to epithelial tissue damaged from a superficial paper cut? Epithelial tissue heals by regeneration. Epithelial tissue heals by fibrosis. Epithelial tissue is replaced by dense irregular connective tissue. Epithelial tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

epithelial tissue heals by regeneration

The cuticle around a nail is the: The cuticle around a nail is the: eponychium. hyponychium. lunula. perionychium.

eponychium.

Which sensation is NOT detected by the skin? temperature equilibrium texture light touch

equlibrium

Exercise often makes the skin flush red, a condition known as: Exercise often makes the skin flush red, a condition known as: pallor. jaundice. cyanosis. erythema.

erythema.

What type of blood cell transports oxygen throughout the body? osteoblast leukocyte platelet erythrocyte

erythrocyte

Which of the following is constructed of elastic cartilage? external ear fetal skeleton intervertebral discs nose

external ear

Bone provides the site of attachment for most smooth muscles. Bone provides the site of attachment for most smooth muscles. True False

f

The ABCDE rule divides the body into 11 areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface area to estimate the percent of the body affected by burns. The ABCDE rule divides the body into 11 areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface area to estimate the percent of the body affected by burns. True False

f

The kneecap (patella) is considered a short bone since it is a round, flat bone located within tendons. The kneecap (patella) is considered a short bone since it is a round, flat bone located within tendons. True False

f

The rule of nines is used to distinguish the various types of skin cancers from one another. The rule of nines is used to distinguish the various types of skin cancers from one another. True False

f

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue possess intercalated discs and branched, uninucleate cells. True False

false

Extreme stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis results in tension, or cleavage, lines. True False

false

Hyaline cartilage is found in the ears and part of the larynx. True False

false

Keratinocytes undergo mitosis in all layers, or strata, of the epidermis to maintain the thickness of the epidermis. Keratinocytes undergo mitosis in all layers, or strata, of the epidermis to maintain the thickness of the epidermis. True False

false

Mast cells ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells by phagocytosis. True False

false

Nervous tissue is unique because it completely lacks an ECM. True False

false

Repair of epithelial tissues always involves the formation of scar tissue. True False

false

Stratum lucidum is found in all types of skin covering the entire body. Stratum lucidum is found in all types of skin covering the entire body. True False

false

The apical plasma membranes of simple squamous epithelial cells are often folded into microvilli, which increases their surface area for absorption. True False

false

The epiphyseal plate is layer of compact bone from which longitudinal growth occurs true false

false

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue that is built for warmth and insulation. . True False

false

The skin has three components: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The skin has three components: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. True False

false

Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis? Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis? melanocyte keratinocyte dendritic (Langerhans) cell fibroblast

fibroblast

Connective tissues proper (or general connective tissues) produce collagen fibers using cells known as: adipocytes. fibroblasts. mast cells. phagocytes.

fibroblasts

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by scar tissue is called: fibrosis. necrosis. apoptosis. inflammation.

fibrosis

A patient arrives in your clinic with a sunburn that affects the epidermis only. Her skin appears red and is mildly painful. You believe she has a: A patient arrives in your clinic with a sunburn that affects the epidermis only. Her skin appears red and is mildly painful. You believe she has a: first-degree burn. second-degree burn. third-degree burn. fourth-degree burn.

first-degree burn.

All bone growth completely stops by the end of adolescence true false

flase

Thin, broad bones should be classified as: Thin, broad bones should be classified as: irregular bones. flat bones. short bones. long bones.

flat bones.

Protein channels that are situated between cells and create small pores for the passage of small substances are known as: desmosomes. tight junctions. gap junctions. occluding junctions.

gap junctions

What component of ground substance adheres cells to each other and to their places within the extracellular matrix (ECM)? proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) glycoproteins hyaluronic acid

glycoproteins

Which unicellular gland is responsible for mucus secretion? goblet cell fibroblast mast cell adipocyte

goblet cell

Thick skin lacks: Thick skin lacks: stratum lucidum. stratum granulosum. hair follicles. sweat glands.

hair follicles

What do dead keratinized cells form? What do dead keratinized cells form? hair root hair bulb arrector pili muscle hair shaft

hair shaft

What part of the hair is removed during shaving? What part of the hair is removed during shaving? hair medulla hair matrix hair follicle hair shaft

hair shaft

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located? ducts of certain glands tendons and ligaments attached to bones heart

heart

Whta is the first step to bone repair bone callus formation soft callus formation hematoma formation primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

hematoma formation

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as: Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as: osteoporosis. hematopoiesis. ossification. bone resorption.

hematopoiesis.

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification? hyaline cartilage spongy bone fibrocartilage compact bone

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue proper? loose connective tissue hyaline cartilage adipose tissue dense connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

Subcutaneous injections involve administration of medicine into the: reticular layer of the dermis. papillary layer of the dermis. hypodermis. epidermis.

hypodermis

calcitonin functions to: stimulate bone resorption increases blood calcium ion levels increases bone deposition stimulates osteoclast activity

increases bone deposition

Whose bone marrow is mostly red? Whose bone marrow is mostly red? young adults middle-aged adults infants elderly

infants

The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone since it: The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone since it: is longer than it is wide. has an irregular shape. has a diaphysis and epiphyses. is located within tendons.

is located within tendons.

What protein makes stratified epithelial tissues tough and resistant to friction? elastic reticular collagen keratin

keratin

What provides a hard, continuous surface for the epidermis of the cutaneous membrane? cilia keratin collagen mucus

keratin

The epidermis is: nonkeratinized cutaneous membrane. keratinized cutaneous membrane. keratinized mucous membrane. nonkeratinized mucous membrane.

keratinized cutaneous membrane

Which of the following cells are arranged in layers, or strata, in the epidermis? Which of the following cells are arranged in layers, or strata, in the epidermis? Merkel cell dendritic (Langerhans) cell keratinocyte melanocyte

keratinocyte

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from: Squamous cell carcinoma arises from: melanocytes. keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. keratinocytes in stratum corneum. keratinocytes in stratum basale.

keratinocytes in stratum spinosum.

What tissue composes the epidermis of the skin? nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium keratinized stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium

keratizinized stratified squamous epithelium

What symptom distinguishes a second-degree from a third-degree burn? lack of initial pain associated with the third-degree burn presence of erythema associated with the third-degree burn presence of blisters associated with the third-degree burn presence of significant pain initially with the third-degree burn

lack of initial pain associated with the third-degree burn

The small, fluid-filled cavity occupied by an osteocyte is called a(n): The small, fluid-filled cavity occupied by an osteocyte is called a(n): central canal. lacuna. osteon. trabecula.

lacuna.

Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skin called: Thomas is deaf, but can feel the vibrations of music through sensory receptors in his skin called: Merkel cells. lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles. dermal papillae. tactile (Meissner) corpuscles.

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles.

Synovial membranes: line the cavities surrounding freely movable joints. are hard due to the presence of keratin. line the passages of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body. line the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal body cavities.

line the cavities surrounding freely moveable joints

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as: Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as: irregular bones. long bones. flat bones. short bones.

long bones.

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as: The bones of the arms and legs are classified as: long bones. short bones. flat bones. irregular bones.

long bones.

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? high lvls of vitamin D high blood calcium ion levels high levels of vitamin C low blood calcium ion levels

low blood calcium ion levels

Thin skin lacks stratum: Thin skin lacks stratum: spinosum. granulosum. corneum. lucidum.

lucidum

Nail growth occurs at the nail: Nail growth occurs at the nail: body. bed. matrix. cuticle.

matrix.

Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of: Exposure to UV radiation causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of: hemoglobin. melanin. keratin. collagen.

melanin.

The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from: The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from: squamous cell carcinoma. melanoma. freckles. basal cell carcinoma.

melanoma.

What type of secretion involves the release of substances, such as saliva and sweat, in secretory vesicles by exocytosis? holocrine apocrine endocrine merocrine

merocrine

What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body? serous membrane cutaneous membrane synovial membrane mucous membrane

mucous membrane

Striations are a structural feature associated with some: neurons. muscle cells. fibroblasts. adipocytes.

muscle cells

The nail body covers the: The nail body covers the: nail root. cuticle. lunula. nail bed.

nail bed.

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the: The most superficial layer of the dermis is the: reticular layer. papillary layer. stratum basale. hypodermis.

papillary layer.

Which statement best describes epithelial tissue? Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high mechanical abrasion. Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Paracellular or transcellular transport moves substances between or across simple epithelia. Stratified epithelia are associated with diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

paracellular or transcellular transport moves substances between or across simple epithelia

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin testosterone estrogen

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by collagen fibers called: The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by collagen fibers called: perforating fibers. trabeculae. canaliculi. Volkmann's canals.

perforating fibers.

Cells found associated with connective tissue proper that ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead and damaged cells are: phagocytes. adipocytes. mast cells. fibroblasts.

phagocytes

What do vellus hairs lack? What do vellus hairs lack? cuticle pigment keratin cortex

pigment

The ECM of blood is known as: osteoid. plasma. bone marrow. lacunae.

plasma

A tissue is more likely to heal by regeneration if it: is avascular. is amitotic. lacks satellite cells. possesses stem cells.

possesses stem cells

Which of the following promotes bone resorption? calcium-rich diet pressure compression tension

pressure

A patient is diagnosed with mesothelioma. This cancer affects the: synovial membranes. cutaneous membranes. serous membranes. mucous membranes.

serous membranes

What stimulates the secretion of sebum? What stimulates the secretion of sebum? low temperatures UV radiation high temperatures sex hormones

sex hormones

Trauma to stratum basale would NOT interfere with the skin's ability to: Trauma to stratum basale would NOT interfere with the skin's ability to: produce vitamin D. grow. shed dead cells. produce melanin.

shed dead cells

You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be: simple columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. stratified columnar epithelium. simple cuboidal epithelium.

simple columnar epithelium

Striated, multinucleate cells are commonly found in: smooth muscle tissue. cardiac muscle tissue. skeletal muscle tissue. both smooth and cardiac muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle tissue

Intramembranous ossification occurs in: Intramembranous ossification occurs in: secondary bone. skull bones. long bones. arm and leg bones.

skull bones.

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions? What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions? compact bone lamellar bone osteon bone spongy bone

spongy bone

Keratinized, dead cells are associated with: stratified squamous epithelium. simple columnar epithelium. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium.

stratified squamous epithelium

The epidermis of the skin serves as a barrier to mechanical stresses and protects us from microorganisms. What tissue do you think forms the epidermis? pseudostratified columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following epithelia can be keratinized? stratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium simple columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

From deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis? stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum granulosum stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

A callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus? A callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus? stratum corneum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells? Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells? stratum corneum stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum

stratum granulosum

A splinter penetrated into the skin on the palmar surface of the hand. The splinter nearly reached stratum basale of the epidermis. What is the final layer injured by this splinter? A splinter penetrated into the skin on the palmar surface of the hand. The splinter nearly reached stratum basale of the epidermis. What is the final layer injured by this splinter? stratum lucidum of the epidermis stratum granulosum of the epidermis stratum corneum of the epidermis stratum spinosum of the epidermis

stratum spinosum of the epidermis

What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common? striations multinucleate cells intercalated discs situated between cells branched cells

striations

Eccrine glands produce: Eccrine glands produce: sebum. hormones. sweat containing mostly water. cerumen.

sweat containing mostly water.

What lubricates movable joints such as the hip, knee, and elbow? mucus saliva serous fluid synovial fluid

synovial fluid

All types of sweat glands release their products by exocytosis, a type of secretion known as merocrine secretion. All types of sweat glands release their products by exocytosis, a type of secretion known as merocrine secretion. True False

t

Carotene and hemoglobin are two pigments that contribute to skin color in minor ways. Carotene and hemoglobin are two pigments that contribute to skin color in minor ways. True False

t

Hairs grow from cells in the matrix of the root that are still undergoing keratinization. Hairs grow from cells in the matrix of the root that are still undergoing keratinization. True False

t

In adults, most bone marrow in the body is yellow. In adults, most bone marrow in the body is yellow. True False

t

Spongy bone resists forces from many directions and forms a protective framework for the red bone marrow. Spongy bone resists forces from many directions and forms a protective framework for the red bone marrow. True False

t

The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix of bone is calcium salts, with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals. The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix of bone is calcium salts, with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals. True False

t

Vesicles known as melanosomes are taken into the cytosol of keratinocytes by endocytosis. The melanosome is transported to the superficial side of the keratinocyte to shield its nucleus. Vesicles known as melanosomes are taken into the cytosol of keratinocytes by endocytosis. The melanosome is transported to the superficial side of the keratinocyte to shield its nucleus. True False

t

Skin without keratin would be more likely to: Skin without keratin would be more likely to: tear upon being mechanically stressed. lose the sensation of touch. be unable to thermoregulate. burn upon exposure to the sun.

tear upon being mechanically stressed

Which of the following is NOT a location of reticular tissue? tendons lymph nodes spleen bone marrow

tendons

For a male post-puberty, the majority of vellus hairs have transitioned to: For a male post-puberty, the majority of vellus hairs have transitioned to: lanugo. arrector pili muscles. white hairs. terminal hairs.

terminal hairs.

The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a: The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a: first-degree burn. second-degree burn. third-degree burn. partial-thickness burn.

third-degree burn.

What type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between our cells? glycoproteins desmosomes tight junctions gap junctions

tight junctions

Cells in the epidermis of the skin need to be held tightly together so that an impermeable barrier to fluids is created. What type of junction performs this function? desmosome intercalated disc gap junction tight junction

tight juntion

Branching "ribs" of bone present in spongy bone are known as: Branching "ribs" of bone present in spongy bone are known as: lacunae. trabeculae. lamellae. canaliculi.

trabeculae.

Which of the following is composed of multiple layers of cells? pseudostratified columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelium transitional epithelium simple squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium

The function of yellow bone marrow is: The function of yellow bone marrow is: triglyceride storage. acid-base homeostasis. hematopoiesis. mineral storage.

triglyceride storage.

Bone deposition exceeds bone resorption when bones are stressed through compression or tension true false

true

Gel-like ground substance is the major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). True False

true

Goblet cells, the most common unicellular gland in the body, secrete mucus into the digestive and respiratory tracts. True False

true

Osteoblasts are immature cells that build bone and carry out the process of bone deposition. True False

true

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates effects that increases the blood calcium ion level true false

true

Stratified epithelium does not line areas where transcellular transport is required. True False

true

Stratified squamous epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells. True False

true

The ribs and sternum are classified as flat bones because they are thin and broad. The ribs and sternum are classified as flat bones because they are thin and broad. True False

true

The skin eliminates small amounts of waste products in sweat, a process known as excretion. The skin eliminates small amounts of waste products in sweat, a process known as excretion. True False

true

True membranes must fit these structural and functional qualifications: consist of a superficial layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue on which it rests; and, anchor organs in place, serve as barriers, function in immunity and secrete various substances. True False

true

the process of ossification begins at a primary ossification center in both intramembranes

true

Thin skin contains: Thin skin contains: one more layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. one less layer of keratinocytes than thick skin. two more layers of keratinocytes than thick skin. the same layers of keratinocytes as thick skin.

two more layers of keratinocytes than thick skin

Under what conditions would the skin produce sweat and experience cutaneous vasodilation? upon decrease in body temperature due to lack of oxygen upon exposure to UV radiation upon increase in body temperature

upon increase in body temp

Which organ system is lined by transitional epithelium to accommodate stretching? digestive system respiratory system urinary system muscular system

urinary system

Which of the following is the inner part of a serous membrane that covers the lungs? synovial membrane lamina propria visceral pleura parietal pleura

visceral pleura

What vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children? vitamin D vitamin C vitamin A vitamin K

vitamin D

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? vitamin A synthesis protection thermoregulation sensation

vitamin a synthesis

Why is vitamin D necessary? Vitamin D critical for thermoregulation. Vitamin D protects the skin from pathogens. Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine. Vitamin D protects the skin from UV radiation.

vitamin d is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cellsin their lacunae? zone of reserve cartilage zone of ossification zone of proliferation zone of hypertrophy

zone of proliferation