anatomy study set
levator scapulae
elevates the scapula
what is the I band
isotropic band. made of only actin
example of bipinnate muscle
rectus femoris
epiphysis
red marrow
what happens in the stratum basal
-basal cells exist -production of melanocytes -cells undergo active reproduction -merkel cells
where can you find hyaline cartilage?
-between ribs and sterum -joint of elbow and knee -tracheal cartilage rings
what is the papillary layer?
-dermal papillae -capillaries axons -loose connective tissue
gluteus maximus
-extension and lateral rotation at the hip
What is the recticular layer?
-hair follicles -sweat glands-sebaceous glands
what is going on at the stratum corneum
-interlocking -dehydrated -dead cells
what is going on at the stratum spinosum
-keratinocytes are bound -tonofibrils -langerhans cells
what is going on at the stratum granulosum
-keratinocytes produce keratin --excess synthesis produces calluses
what are the mastication muscles innervated by?
cranial nerve 5
what makes up the matrix of a bone?
2/3 calcium phosphate. 1/3 collagen fibers
how many vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx
3-5
how many vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
5
how many axial bones are there?
80
what is required for muscle contraction?
Calcium and ATP
what are the rotator cuff muscles?
SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
describe a unipennate muscle
Fibers are on one side of the tendon
what happens in the sliding filament theory
H and I band get smaller Zone of overlap get larger Z lines move closer together width of A band stays constant
what are the bones of the hand
SLTPTTCH scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
injury and repair of bone
When a bone is broken, bleeding occurs A network of spongy bone forms Osteoblasts are overly activated, thus resulting in enlarged callused area This area is now stronger and thicker than normal bone
gluteus medias
abduction and medial rotation at he hip
gluteus minimus
abduction and medial rotation at the hip
supraspinatus
abduction at the shoulder
deltoid
abducts the arm
what are thin protein filaments
actin
explain the lever and pulley system
action is applied to a lever (bone) the lever moves on a fixed point fulcrum (joint)
rhomboid
adduct the scapula
coracobrachialis
adduction and flexion at shoulder
adductor longus
adduction and medial rotation at the hip
adductor brevis
adduction and medial rotation at the ip
adductor magnus
adduction of hip
pectoralis major
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the arm
sartorius
allows crossing of the lower leg
what is a synarthrosis joint
an immovable joint
what is the A band
anisotropic band. includes actin and myosin
where can you find fontanelles?
anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, sphenoidal fontanelles, mastoid fontanelles
names the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint
anterior sternoclavicular ligament posterior sternoclavivular ligament interclavicula rligament costoclavicular ligament
what is the lesser pelvis
area inferior to iliopectineal line
where can you find elastic cartilage tissue?
auricle of the ear epiglottis auditory tube
what kind of joint is the hip
ball and socket joint
what kind of joint is the shoulder
ball in socket
where is the coronal suture?
between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones (front of head)
where is the frontonasal suture?
between the nasal bone and the frontal bone
where is the lamboid suture?
between the occipital bones and two parental bones (back of the head)
where is the squamous suture?
between the temporal bone and the parietal bone
example of parallel muscles
bicep brachia and rectus femoris
what are the fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
what is the zline
boundary between the sacromeme units
osteoclasts
break down bone by recreating acids
what muscle compresses the cheek?
buccinator
what are the tarsal bones?
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
what is bone made up of?
calcium phosphate
what does synthesis cause?
calluses
small channels extending from the osteocytes to the bone capillaries are what?
canaliculi
what are the supporting connective tissues?
cartilage and bone
compare and contrast cartilage and bone
cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix bone:solid, crystalline matrix both reside in lacunae
what are secondary curves?
cervical and lumbar
what is cartilage made up on?
chondrocytes
cilia found in the lining of the respiratory tract
ciliated epithelium
flexion
decreases the angle of a joint
example of multipennate muscle
deltiod
what are sutures made of?
dense fibrous connective tissue
what is perimysium
dense tissue that divides the muscles into parallel compartments of fascicles
what is epimysium
dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
what is the greater pelvis?
distance form left iliac creat to right iliac crest
what is the dense tissue that surrounds the individual muscle fibers?
endomysium
cactus lateralis
extends leg
vactus medialis
extends leg
vastus intermedius
extends leg
rectus fmoris
extends leg flexion at hip
extensor carpi radialis
extension and abduction at wrist
extensor carpu ulnaris
extension and adduction at wrist
teres major
extension and medial rotation at shoulder
triceps brachii
extension at elbow
anconeus
extension at the elbow
tensor fascia latae
extension of the knee and lateral rotation of the leg
latissimus dorsi
extension, adduction, medial rotation at shoulder
example of unipennate muscle
extensor digitorum longus
what nerve innervates facial expression muscles?
facial nerve (CN VII)
describe bipennate muscle
fibers are on both sides of the tendon
produces connective tissue fibers
fibroblasts
maintains connective tissue fibers and matric
fibrocytes
semimembranosus
flexes leg
semitendinosus
flexes leg
biceps femoris
flexes leg extension at hip
flexor carpi radialis
flexion and abduction at wrist
pectineus
flexion and adduction at the hip
flexor carp ulnaris
flexion and adduction at wrist
gracilis
flexion and medial rotation at the knee adduction and medial rotation at the hip
brachialis
flexion at the elbow
brachioradialis
flexion at the elbow
biceps brachii
flexion at the elbow and supinates the forearm
illiacus
flexion at the hip
psoas major
flexion at the hip
palmaris longus
flexion at wrist
what is a diarthrosis joint
freely moveable joint
junction that permits the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells
gap junction
how do you lock your knee?
getting the tibial tubercles to become stuck in the intercondylar notch of the femur
what is the shoulder joint called?
glenohumeral joint
what are the 6 ligaments of the shoulder?
glenohumeral ligament coracohuemral ligament corado-acromial ligament acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament transverse humeral ligament
pubic angle
greater than 100 degrees in females and less than 90 degrees in males
metaphysis
growth zone
what does the metric of supporting connective tissue look like?
has a matrix of fibers and insoluble calcium and salts
what does the matrix of the fluid connective tissue look like?
has a metric of liquid (blood and lymph)
what type of joint is the elbow?
hinge joint
what do the head an neck muscles end in?
hyoid
hypertension
hyperextension beyond normal limits
what are the 5 ligaments of the hip
iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligment transverse acetabular ligament ligament of the femoral head
what do microvilli do?
increases surface are for absorption of material
extension
increases the angle of a joint
endosteum
inner surface of bone
what interaction cause a muscle contraction?
interactions between thick and think filaments within the sacromeme
what is the cartilage that separates the vertebrae
intevertebral discs
what is ligament nuchae
its a large elastic ligament that begins at the vertebral prominent and extends to the external occipital crest of the skull
where can you find the nuclei in a muscle fiber
just deep to the sarcolemma
quadrates femoris
later rotation of hip
gemeli muscles
lateral rotation and abduction at hip
obturator muscles
lateral rotation and abduction at hip
piriformis
lateral rotation and abduction at hip
teres minor
lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder
infraspinatus
lateral rotation at the shoulder
what are the two arches of the foot?
longitudinal arch - long way. from heel to toe. and transverse arch- side to side
circumduction
making a circular motion
osteogenesis
making of new bone
what are the mastication muscles?
masseter temporalis pterygoids
subscapularis
medial rotation at the shoulder
what muscle cause the grinding action/ teeth to shift?
medial terigloid
Popliteus
medially rotates the hip
what does the matrix look liken connective tissue proper?
metric of fibers( loose and dense fibers)
cilia found on apical surface of cells of the urinary and digestive tract
microvilli
what kind of cilia does the epithelium have?
microvilli, stereo cilia, ciliated epithelium
abduction
moving away from the body
adduction
moving toward the body
describe convergent muscles
muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point
describe a circular muscle
muscle fibers form concentric rings (sphincter muscle)
describe parallel muscles
muscles fascicles re parallel to the longitudinal axis
what are the cells that assist in repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers
my-satellite cells
what are embryonic cells that form skeletal muscle fibers
myoblast
what is responsible for the contraction of muscles
myofibrils
what are myofibrils made of?
myofilaments
what cells repair damaged muscle tissue
myosatalete cells
what are thick protein filaments
myosin
what does the h band consist of
only myosin
what muscle closes the eye?
orbicular oculi
example of circular muscles
orbicularis oris
immature bone cells
osteoblast
mature bone cells
osteocytes
the breaking down of bones
osteolysis
periosteum
outer surface of bone
where can you find fibrous cartilage tissue
pads within knee joins pads within spinal vertebrae pubic symphysis
what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow
radial collateral ligament ulnar collateral ligament annular ligament
example of convergent muscles
pectoralis major
what is the thumb called?
pollex
pronator quadratus
pronated forearm and hand
pronator teres
pronates the forearm
serrates anterior
protracts the scapula
subclavius
protracts the scapula
pectoral minor
protracts the shoulder
trapezius
rotates scapula and extend the neck
what is the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell
sacolemma
what is the cytosol of the muscle cell
sarcoplasm
what are examples of synovial/ diarthroses joints?
shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
what is an amphiarthrosis joint
slightly moveable joint
attachment of one cell to another. use of cell adhesion molecules. this complex is tied to the microfilaments of the genial web
spot desmosomes
osteoprogenitor
stem cells
cilia found in the inner ear and male reproductive tract
sterocilia
where do you find synthesis?
stratum granulosum
what layer is found is palms of hands and soles of feet?
stratum lucidum
supinator
supinates the forearm
what do cervical vertebrae do?
support weight of head
where is the sagittal suture?
suture between the two parietal bones (long suture on top of the skull)
what are examples of synarthrosis joints?
sutures. gomphosis (teeth and jaw joint). synchondrosis (diaphysis to epiphysis). synostosis (fusion of local bones).
what are examples of amphiarthroses joints?
syndesmosis ( between radius and ulna and tibia and fibular). symphysis (between the pubic bone of the two coal bones
what's another name for diarthroses joints?
synovial joints
what is the name of the elbow joint
the hummer-ulnar joint and humeroradial joint
what is the m line
the middle of the h line
what is the hyoid bone suspended by?
the stylohyoid ligaents
describe multipennate musscle
the tendon breached within the muscle
what is muscle tone
the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed
what are fontanelles
they are membranous areas where sutures will eventually form
what is the primary curvatures?
thoracic and sacral curves
what are tehsupporting ligaments of the knee joint?
tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligment popliteal ligament anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament quadriceps tendon patellar ligament
junction formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes. these junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells
tight junction
what are the tubules that conduct electrical impulses for muscle fibers to contract
transverse tubules (T-Tubules)
what is c7 called?
vertebrae prominens
what is the sliding filament theory
when a muscle contracts, actin filaments slide toward each other
how does the gluteus Maximus insert?
with the tensor fasciae later via the illiotibial tract to the tibia
diaphysis
yellow marrow
what does each sacromere have?
z line I band A abnd H band M line
what is the area called in the A band where the actin and myosin overlap
zone of overlap