anatomy study set

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levator scapulae

elevates the scapula

what is the I band

isotropic band. made of only actin

example of bipinnate muscle

rectus femoris

epiphysis

red marrow

what happens in the stratum basal

-basal cells exist -production of melanocytes -cells undergo active reproduction -merkel cells

where can you find hyaline cartilage?

-between ribs and sterum -joint of elbow and knee -tracheal cartilage rings

what is the papillary layer?

-dermal papillae -capillaries axons -loose connective tissue

gluteus maximus

-extension and lateral rotation at the hip

What is the recticular layer?

-hair follicles -sweat glands-sebaceous glands

what is going on at the stratum corneum

-interlocking -dehydrated -dead cells

what is going on at the stratum spinosum

-keratinocytes are bound -tonofibrils -langerhans cells

what is going on at the stratum granulosum

-keratinocytes produce keratin --excess synthesis produces calluses

what are the mastication muscles innervated by?

cranial nerve 5

what makes up the matrix of a bone?

2/3 calcium phosphate. 1/3 collagen fibers

how many vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx

3-5

how many vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

5

how many axial bones are there?

80

what is required for muscle contraction?

Calcium and ATP

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

describe a unipennate muscle

Fibers are on one side of the tendon

what happens in the sliding filament theory

H and I band get smaller Zone of overlap get larger Z lines move closer together width of A band stays constant

what are the bones of the hand

SLTPTTCH scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate

injury and repair of bone

When a bone is broken, bleeding occurs A network of spongy bone forms Osteoblasts are overly activated, thus resulting in enlarged callused area This area is now stronger and thicker than normal bone

gluteus medias

abduction and medial rotation at he hip

gluteus minimus

abduction and medial rotation at the hip

supraspinatus

abduction at the shoulder

deltoid

abducts the arm

what are thin protein filaments

actin

explain the lever and pulley system

action is applied to a lever (bone) the lever moves on a fixed point fulcrum (joint)

rhomboid

adduct the scapula

coracobrachialis

adduction and flexion at shoulder

adductor longus

adduction and medial rotation at the hip

adductor brevis

adduction and medial rotation at the ip

adductor magnus

adduction of hip

pectoralis major

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the arm

sartorius

allows crossing of the lower leg

what is a synarthrosis joint

an immovable joint

what is the A band

anisotropic band. includes actin and myosin

where can you find fontanelles?

anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, sphenoidal fontanelles, mastoid fontanelles

names the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

anterior sternoclavicular ligament posterior sternoclavivular ligament interclavicula rligament costoclavicular ligament

what is the lesser pelvis

area inferior to iliopectineal line

where can you find elastic cartilage tissue?

auricle of the ear epiglottis auditory tube

what kind of joint is the hip

ball and socket joint

what kind of joint is the shoulder

ball in socket

where is the coronal suture?

between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones (front of head)

where is the frontonasal suture?

between the nasal bone and the frontal bone

where is the lamboid suture?

between the occipital bones and two parental bones (back of the head)

where is the squamous suture?

between the temporal bone and the parietal bone

example of parallel muscles

bicep brachia and rectus femoris

what are the fluid connective tissue?

blood and lymph

what is the zline

boundary between the sacromeme units

osteoclasts

break down bone by recreating acids

what muscle compresses the cheek?

buccinator

what are the tarsal bones?

calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

what is bone made up of?

calcium phosphate

what does synthesis cause?

calluses

small channels extending from the osteocytes to the bone capillaries are what?

canaliculi

what are the supporting connective tissues?

cartilage and bone

compare and contrast cartilage and bone

cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix bone:solid, crystalline matrix both reside in lacunae

what are secondary curves?

cervical and lumbar

what is cartilage made up on?

chondrocytes

cilia found in the lining of the respiratory tract

ciliated epithelium

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

example of multipennate muscle

deltiod

what are sutures made of?

dense fibrous connective tissue

what is perimysium

dense tissue that divides the muscles into parallel compartments of fascicles

what is epimysium

dense tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

what is the greater pelvis?

distance form left iliac creat to right iliac crest

what is the dense tissue that surrounds the individual muscle fibers?

endomysium

cactus lateralis

extends leg

vactus medialis

extends leg

vastus intermedius

extends leg

rectus fmoris

extends leg flexion at hip

extensor carpi radialis

extension and abduction at wrist

extensor carpu ulnaris

extension and adduction at wrist

teres major

extension and medial rotation at shoulder

triceps brachii

extension at elbow

anconeus

extension at the elbow

tensor fascia latae

extension of the knee and lateral rotation of the leg

latissimus dorsi

extension, adduction, medial rotation at shoulder

example of unipennate muscle

extensor digitorum longus

what nerve innervates facial expression muscles?

facial nerve (CN VII)

describe bipennate muscle

fibers are on both sides of the tendon

produces connective tissue fibers

fibroblasts

maintains connective tissue fibers and matric

fibrocytes

semimembranosus

flexes leg

semitendinosus

flexes leg

biceps femoris

flexes leg extension at hip

flexor carpi radialis

flexion and abduction at wrist

pectineus

flexion and adduction at the hip

flexor carp ulnaris

flexion and adduction at wrist

gracilis

flexion and medial rotation at the knee adduction and medial rotation at the hip

brachialis

flexion at the elbow

brachioradialis

flexion at the elbow

biceps brachii

flexion at the elbow and supinates the forearm

illiacus

flexion at the hip

psoas major

flexion at the hip

palmaris longus

flexion at wrist

what is a diarthrosis joint

freely moveable joint

junction that permits the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells

gap junction

how do you lock your knee?

getting the tibial tubercles to become stuck in the intercondylar notch of the femur

what is the shoulder joint called?

glenohumeral joint

what are the 6 ligaments of the shoulder?

glenohumeral ligament coracohuemral ligament corado-acromial ligament acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament transverse humeral ligament

pubic angle

greater than 100 degrees in females and less than 90 degrees in males

metaphysis

growth zone

what does the metric of supporting connective tissue look like?

has a matrix of fibers and insoluble calcium and salts

what does the matrix of the fluid connective tissue look like?

has a metric of liquid (blood and lymph)

what type of joint is the elbow?

hinge joint

what do the head an neck muscles end in?

hyoid

hypertension

hyperextension beyond normal limits

what are the 5 ligaments of the hip

iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligment transverse acetabular ligament ligament of the femoral head

what do microvilli do?

increases surface are for absorption of material

extension

increases the angle of a joint

endosteum

inner surface of bone

what interaction cause a muscle contraction?

interactions between thick and think filaments within the sacromeme

what is the cartilage that separates the vertebrae

intevertebral discs

what is ligament nuchae

its a large elastic ligament that begins at the vertebral prominent and extends to the external occipital crest of the skull

where can you find the nuclei in a muscle fiber

just deep to the sarcolemma

quadrates femoris

later rotation of hip

gemeli muscles

lateral rotation and abduction at hip

obturator muscles

lateral rotation and abduction at hip

piriformis

lateral rotation and abduction at hip

teres minor

lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder

infraspinatus

lateral rotation at the shoulder

what are the two arches of the foot?

longitudinal arch - long way. from heel to toe. and transverse arch- side to side

circumduction

making a circular motion

osteogenesis

making of new bone

what are the mastication muscles?

masseter temporalis pterygoids

subscapularis

medial rotation at the shoulder

what muscle cause the grinding action/ teeth to shift?

medial terigloid

Popliteus

medially rotates the hip

what does the matrix look liken connective tissue proper?

metric of fibers( loose and dense fibers)

cilia found on apical surface of cells of the urinary and digestive tract

microvilli

what kind of cilia does the epithelium have?

microvilli, stereo cilia, ciliated epithelium

abduction

moving away from the body

adduction

moving toward the body

describe convergent muscles

muscle fibers form a broad area but come together at a common point

describe a circular muscle

muscle fibers form concentric rings (sphincter muscle)

describe parallel muscles

muscles fascicles re parallel to the longitudinal axis

what are the cells that assist in repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers

my-satellite cells

what are embryonic cells that form skeletal muscle fibers

myoblast

what is responsible for the contraction of muscles

myofibrils

what are myofibrils made of?

myofilaments

what cells repair damaged muscle tissue

myosatalete cells

what are thick protein filaments

myosin

what does the h band consist of

only myosin

what muscle closes the eye?

orbicular oculi

example of circular muscles

orbicularis oris

immature bone cells

osteoblast

mature bone cells

osteocytes

the breaking down of bones

osteolysis

periosteum

outer surface of bone

where can you find fibrous cartilage tissue

pads within knee joins pads within spinal vertebrae pubic symphysis

what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow

radial collateral ligament ulnar collateral ligament annular ligament

example of convergent muscles

pectoralis major

what is the thumb called?

pollex

pronator quadratus

pronated forearm and hand

pronator teres

pronates the forearm

serrates anterior

protracts the scapula

subclavius

protracts the scapula

pectoral minor

protracts the shoulder

trapezius

rotates scapula and extend the neck

what is the membrane that surrounds the muscle cell

sacolemma

what is the cytosol of the muscle cell

sarcoplasm

what are examples of synovial/ diarthroses joints?

shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

what is an amphiarthrosis joint

slightly moveable joint

attachment of one cell to another. use of cell adhesion molecules. this complex is tied to the microfilaments of the genial web

spot desmosomes

osteoprogenitor

stem cells

cilia found in the inner ear and male reproductive tract

sterocilia

where do you find synthesis?

stratum granulosum

what layer is found is palms of hands and soles of feet?

stratum lucidum

supinator

supinates the forearm

what do cervical vertebrae do?

support weight of head

where is the sagittal suture?

suture between the two parietal bones (long suture on top of the skull)

what are examples of synarthrosis joints?

sutures. gomphosis (teeth and jaw joint). synchondrosis (diaphysis to epiphysis). synostosis (fusion of local bones).

what are examples of amphiarthroses joints?

syndesmosis ( between radius and ulna and tibia and fibular). symphysis (between the pubic bone of the two coal bones

what's another name for diarthroses joints?

synovial joints

what is the name of the elbow joint

the hummer-ulnar joint and humeroradial joint

what is the m line

the middle of the h line

what is the hyoid bone suspended by?

the stylohyoid ligaents

describe multipennate musscle

the tendon breached within the muscle

what is muscle tone

the tension of a muscle when it is relaxed

what are fontanelles

they are membranous areas where sutures will eventually form

what is the primary curvatures?

thoracic and sacral curves

what are tehsupporting ligaments of the knee joint?

tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligment popliteal ligament anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament quadriceps tendon patellar ligament

junction formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes. these junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells

tight junction

what are the tubules that conduct electrical impulses for muscle fibers to contract

transverse tubules (T-Tubules)

what is c7 called?

vertebrae prominens

what is the sliding filament theory

when a muscle contracts, actin filaments slide toward each other

how does the gluteus Maximus insert?

with the tensor fasciae later via the illiotibial tract to the tibia

diaphysis

yellow marrow

what does each sacromere have?

z line I band A abnd H band M line

what is the area called in the A band where the actin and myosin overlap

zone of overlap


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