anatomy test 2
Which option below correctly matches the types of neuron to the numeric labels on the figure?
1-Afferent neuron, 2-Interneuron, 3-Efferent neuron
There are _________blank pairs of spinal nerves.
31
Your muscles make up what percentage of your body weight?
50%
Approximately how many muscles are there in the human body?
600
Which connective tissue layer is the epineurium?
A
Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A band
What type of tract is labeled 1 in this diagram? Multiple Choice
Association tract
Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle?
B
Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true?
Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli.
Which of the following is contained within gray matter?
Cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons
In which structure is the arbor vitae found?
Cerebellum
The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum?
Commissural
What type of tract is labeled 2 in this diagram?
Commissural tract
Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fiber?
D
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Which of the following structures does not contain CSF?
Dural sinus
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
Excitability
Most nerves are motor nerves.
FALSE Most nerves are "mixed nerves" - mix of sensory (afferent fibers) and motor (efferent fibers)
The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.
False cerebrum
Where are axons surrounded by Schwann cells found?
In the PNS
Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
It has long preganglionic axons.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
It has short preganglionic axons.
Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?
It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
Which of the following is true regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
It releases Ca2+ when a muscle fiber is excited.
Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?
Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
What is the most posterior component of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata
Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found?
Medulla oblongata
Name the part of the axon labeled 4.
Node of Ranvier
Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?
Norepinephrine
Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord?
Pelvic
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
Plasticity
Which of the following structures appears as a large bulge just rostral to the medulla?
Pons
After a stroke, a patient complains about a lack of sensitivity in their right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of their brain?
Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve has the cell bodies of only sensory neurons?
Posterior (dorsal) root
Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Splanchnic nerve Oculomotor nerve (All of these are associated with the autonomic nervous system.)
Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?
Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts
Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?
Reduced urinary output
What type of glial cell is shown here?
Schwann cell
Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells
If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?
Secretion
nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
Splanchnic
Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter molecules in a paravertebral ganglion?
Sympathetic preganglionic axon
Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain?
Thalamus
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?
The dendrites
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?
The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle
What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?
They release neurotransmitter molecules onto smooth muscle cells.
Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.
True
Your dentist gives you an injection of anesthetic in preparation for a filling. Which cranial nerve did they target?
V
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Vagus nerve (X)
Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
Z discs
Sensory stimuli enter the spinal cord via
afferent axons
Some _________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas _________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
afferent; efferent
A mixed nerve consists of both _________blank and _________blank.
afferent; efferent fibers
The middle layer of the meninges is called the
arachnoid mater
What type of cell is labeled 1 in this figure?
astrocyte
Where do the nerves that innervate the lower limbs go in/out of the spinal cord?
c
Fill in the names of the three types of muscle (list them biggest to smallest). They are skeletal, _______, and smooth.
cardiac
What is the name of the structure at D?
cauda equina
Name the part of the neuron labeled 2.
cell body
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?
cerebellum
Besides muscular tissue, what else is found in skeletal muscle?
connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
Name the part of the neuron labeled 1.
dendrites
Where is the third ventricle located?
diencephalon
Which of the following describes muscular tissue emerging directly from bone rather than being separated from it by an obvious tendon?
direct attachment
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n)
elastic filament
What type of cell is labeled 2 in this figure?
ependymal cell
Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 2.
epimysium
The adrenal medulla secretes mostly _________blank.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are
excitable
A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band.
false
A nerve fiber is enclosed in its own fibrous sleeve called perineurium.
false
All preganglionic axons of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing at least once there.
false
Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter
false
In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.
false
Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.
false
The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.
false
The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.
false
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) helps prevent hemorrhages in the nervous tissue of the brain.
false
The epidural space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
false
The spinal cord is vitally important in processing complex information.
false
Vasomotor tone is controlled by using the sympathetic division for vasodilation and the parasympathetic division for vasoconstriction.
false
A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.
false, it contains multiple
Groups of muscles are separated by
fascia
Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 1.
fascia
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called
fascicles
Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of
gastrointestinal motility
Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?
goose bumps
Cell bodies of the anterior root are located in the
gray matter
Preganglionic axons run from the _________blank to the _________blank.
gray matter; autonomic ganglia
About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are _________ neurons
inter-
Name the parts of the axon labeled 5.
internodes
Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except
maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
What type of cell is labeled 5 in this figure?
microglia
What type of cell is labeled 3 in this figure?
neuron
Name the part of the neuron labeled 3.
nucleus
Damage to the _________blank may affect near vision accommodation.
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
What type of cell is labeled 4 in this figure?
oligodendrocyte
Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 3.
perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the
perineurium
The cerebellum is _________blank to the cerebrum.
posterior
The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the
posterior root of a spinal nerve
A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a _________blank neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter _________blank.
preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
What type of tract is labeled 3 in this diagram?
projection tract
Interneurons are located in the
spinal cord
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is
striations
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations in the
superior sagittal sinus
What is the name of the structure at E?
terminal filum
Sympathetic axons arise only from the _________blank region(s) of the spinal cord.
thoracic and lumbar
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?
touch
Both cerebrum and cerebellum have gray matter in their surface cortex and deeper nuclei, and white matter deep to the cortex.
true
Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.
true
In most neurons, action potentials occur in the axon.
true
The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
true
The cerebrum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci.
true
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.
true
Skeletal muscle is called _________, because it is usually subject to conscious control.
voluntary