anatomy test 2

Which option below correctly matches the types of neuron to the numeric labels on the figure?

1-Afferent neuron, 2-Interneuron, 3-Efferent neuron

There are _________blank pairs of spinal nerves.

31

Your muscles make up what percentage of your body weight?

50%

Approximately how many muscles are there in the human body?

600

Which connective tissue layer is the epineurium?

A

Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?

A band

What type of tract is labeled 1 in this diagram? Multiple Choice

Association tract

Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fascicle?

B

Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true?

Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli.

Which of the following is contained within gray matter?

Cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons

In which structure is the arbor vitae found?

Cerebellum

The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum?

Commissural

What type of tract is labeled 2 in this diagram?

Commissural tract

Which connective tissue layer surrounds a fiber?

D

From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Which of the following structures does not contain CSF?

Dural sinus

What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?

Excitability

Most nerves are motor nerves.

FALSE Most nerves are "mixed nerves" - mix of sensory (afferent fibers) and motor (efferent fibers)

The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain.

False cerebrum

Where are axons surrounded by Schwann cells found?

In the PNS

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

It has long preganglionic axons.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

It has short preganglionic axons.

Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?

It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.

Which of the following is true regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

It releases Ca2+ when a muscle fiber is excited.

Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?

Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.

What is the most posterior component of the brainstem?

Medulla oblongata

Where are the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers found?

Medulla oblongata

Name the part of the axon labeled 4.

Node of Ranvier

Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?

Norepinephrine

Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?

Oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord?

Pelvic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?

Plasticity

Which of the following structures appears as a large bulge just rostral to the medulla?

Pons

After a stroke, a patient complains about a lack of sensitivity in their right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of their brain?

Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve has the cell bodies of only sensory neurons?

Posterior (dorsal) root

Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?

Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Splanchnic nerve Oculomotor nerve (All of these are associated with the autonomic nervous system.)

Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?

Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?

Reduced urinary output

What type of glial cell is shown here?

Schwann cell

Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?

Schwann cells

If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?

Secretion

nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.

Splanchnic

Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter molecules in a paravertebral ganglion?

Sympathetic preganglionic axon

Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain?

Thalamus

What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?

The dendrites

While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?

The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.

The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?

The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle

What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?

They release neurotransmitter molecules onto smooth muscle cells.

Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.

True

Your dentist gives you an injection of anesthetic in preparation for a filling. Which cranial nerve did they target?

V

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Vagus nerve (X)

Which of the following is not a motor cranial nerve?

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?

Z discs

Sensory stimuli enter the spinal cord via

afferent axons

Some _________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas _________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.

afferent; efferent

A mixed nerve consists of both _________blank and _________blank.

afferent; efferent fibers

The middle layer of the meninges is called the

arachnoid mater

What type of cell is labeled 1 in this figure?

astrocyte

Where do the nerves that innervate the lower limbs go in/out of the spinal cord?

c

Fill in the names of the three types of muscle (list them biggest to smallest). They are skeletal, _______, and smooth.

cardiac

What is the name of the structure at D?

cauda equina

Name the part of the neuron labeled 2.

cell body

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure?

cerebellum

Besides muscular tissue, what else is found in skeletal muscle?

connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

Name the part of the neuron labeled 1.

dendrites

Where is the third ventricle located?

diencephalon

Which of the following describes muscular tissue emerging directly from bone rather than being separated from it by an obvious tendon?

direct attachment

A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n)

elastic filament

What type of cell is labeled 2 in this figure?

ependymal cell

Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 2.

epimysium

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly _________blank.

epinephrine (adrenaline)

All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are

excitable

A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band.

false

A nerve fiber is enclosed in its own fibrous sleeve called perineurium.

false

All preganglionic axons of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing at least once there.

false

Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter

false

In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.

false

Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.

false

The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.

false

The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.

false

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) helps prevent hemorrhages in the nervous tissue of the brain.

false

The epidural space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

false

The spinal cord is vitally important in processing complex information.

false

Vasomotor tone is controlled by using the sympathetic division for vasodilation and the parasympathetic division for vasoconstriction.

false

A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.

false, it contains multiple

Groups of muscles are separated by

fascia

Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 1.

fascia

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called

fascicles

Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of

gastrointestinal motility

Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?

goose bumps

Cell bodies of the anterior root are located in the

gray matter

Preganglionic axons run from the _________blank to the _________blank.

gray matter; autonomic ganglia

About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are _________ neurons

inter-

Name the parts of the axon labeled 5.

internodes

Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except

maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck

What type of cell is labeled 5 in this figure?

microglia

What type of cell is labeled 3 in this figure?

neuron

Name the part of the neuron labeled 3.

nucleus

Damage to the _________blank may affect near vision accommodation.

oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What type of cell is labeled 4 in this figure?

oligodendrocyte

Name the layer of connective tissue labeled 3.

perimysium

The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the

perineurium

The cerebellum is _________blank to the cerebrum.

posterior

The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the

posterior root of a spinal nerve

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a _________blank neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter _________blank.

preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)

What type of tract is labeled 3 in this diagram?

projection tract

Interneurons are located in the

spinal cord

In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is

striations

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations in the

superior sagittal sinus

What is the name of the structure at E?

terminal filum

Sympathetic axons arise only from the _________blank region(s) of the spinal cord.

thoracic and lumbar

Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?

touch

Both cerebrum and cerebellum have gray matter in their surface cortex and deeper nuclei, and white matter deep to the cortex.

true

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.

true

In most neurons, action potentials occur in the axon.

true

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

true

The cerebrum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci.

true

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.

true

Skeletal muscle is called _________, because it is usually subject to conscious control.

voluntary