Anatomy Test 3F

List the different refractive media of the eye.

1.) Cornea is primary refractive layer. 2.) Aqueous Humor (fluid) (constricts fast, dialates slow) 3.) Lens 4.) vitreous body

List the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles.

1.) Superior Rectus - pulls eye up CN III 2.) Inferior Rectus - pulls eye down CN III 3.) Lateral Rectus - pulls eye laterally CN VI 4.) Medial Rectus - pulls eye medially CN III 5.) Superior Oblique - rotate globe CN IV 6.) Inferior Oblique - rotate globe CN III

Describe hydrocephalus, its causes, include possible sites of blockage and accumulation of CSF.

Hydrocephalus is an overabundance of CSF in the skull. If some of the routes of CSF are blocked, CSF is still produced, the CSF backs up in the skull. Can occur from problems in formation, cancer, meningitis, infectious debris clogging a ventricle.

Describe the special sense function of the facial nerve.

Taste- anterior 2/3 of tongue innervated by CN VII

Understand the relationship between CN7 with CN5

The Chorda Tempani (branch of CN VII - taste anterior 2/3 of tongue) hitches ride with lingual branch of CN V (general sense 2/3 of tongue).

What is the rima glottidis?

space between vocal ligaments through which air moves

What are the general "problems" associated with swallowing and how are they solved?

1.) Need to close nasapharynx to keep food from nasal cavity: elevate soft palate 2.) trachea in line with oral cavity- don't want food in trachea: move trachea

Describe the gray matter of the cerebrum, its location/function.

1.) Neuronal Cell Bodies - found on Cortex (outer layer), involved with motor and sensory activities. Receive, process, integrate, initiate info 2.) Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) aggregations of cell bodies inside brain. Involved in nuclei, go amuck in Parkinson's disease.

List and define the processes involved in speech.

1.) Phonation - produce raw sound in larynx (air from lungs), 2.) resonance - nasal cavity, pharynx, nasal sinuses, 3.) articulation - tongue, teeth, lips, mouth

Describe the nerve supply to larynx.

1.) Vegus nerve → superior laryngeal → internal laryngeal (large) (sensory above cords) 2.) superior laryngeal → external laryngeal (motor to cricothyroid muscle) 3.) Vegus nerve (into thorax) → recurrent laryngeal nerve (X2 L&R) (all of the rest of the laryngeal muscles)

Describe "accommodation".

1.) contraction = loosen suspensory ligament = fatten lens (near) 2.) relax = thin lens (far)

Describe the functions of the cranial meninges.

Dural Infoldings compartmentalize the brain, prevents too much movement of brain, Create venous sinuses

List the layers of the eye.

External layer (fibrous connective tissue), middle layer (vascular layer), internal layer (visual layer)

What is the "conjunctiva"?

Mucus membrane that lines inside of the eyelids. It thins across the cornea, but is continuous. Mucus membrane on back of eyelids reflected on itself across eye. In front of cornea loses the mucus membrane and only epithelial cells . It has numerous blood vessels - most blood vessels seen the eyes are in this membrane.

What is the general motor and sensory supply to the pharynx?

Nerve: CN IX (sensory) and X (Motor)

What is a "neurovascular bundle" and what are the contents of this "bundle" in the neck?

Neurovascular bundle is a grouping of nerve, artery, and vein. In the neck there is one that contains vegus nerve, interior jugular vein, and common carotid artery

Be able to name and describe the layers of the scalp.

S-C-A-L-P. Skin, superficial fasCia, epicranial Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Periosteum. Descriptions: 1.) Loose connective tissue: is unique to scalp. This is where a dr can peel the skin off the head for surgery. Allows for great gliding of skin. The loose layer will allow infections to spread to emissary veins (scalp → bone → venous sinuses) (scalp → meninges → brain causing meningitis, encephalitis) 2.) superficial layer: extremly fibrous and they hold the vessels open even when lacerations occurs (causing a lot of blood loss even for small lacerations)

What is a pattern generator?

Series of actions happen because of a single starting event. (ie swallowing)

Describe the iris, pupillary diameter changes and the muscles involved.

The Iris is the pigmented portion of the eye. Protective sphincter for the retina. Circular smooth muscle fibers that close → parasympathetic autonomic. The aperture b/t is pupil. CN III. Radial smooth muscle fiers to open pupil → sympathetic autonomic.

What is unusual about the veins of the face and dural sinuses - are there any connections between the two?

The veins in the face are able to allow blood to flow in both directions. The veins in the face form anastomoses with venous sinuses.

Be able to draw and label the cerebral arterial circle.

...

Be able to name and draw the branches off the aortic arch that give rise to the head's blood supply.

...

Describe the three cranial fossa and a prominent bony landmark of each.

1.) Anterior Cranial Fossa - floor for frontal lobe. Prominent feature: cribiform plate. 2.) Middle Cranial Fossa - temporal lobe, foramina. Prominent feature: sella tursica (houses pituitary) 3.) Posterior Cranial Fossa - floor for cerebellum, brain stem. Prominent feature: largest, large foramen magnum for spinal cord

Describe the two possible routes of arterial blood in the brain.

1.) Arterial blood → tissue → veins → venous sinuses → Internal Jugular vein 2.) Arterial Blood → CSF → Ventricular System → Circulate around CNS → Venous Sinuses → Internal Jugular

Describe the three major subdivisions of the brain.

1.) Cerebrum - used for perception, cognition, higher motor functions, emotion, personality, language skills, memory. It is very large, has sulci (depressions) and gyri (ridges) Right controls left body, Left controls right body. 2.) Cerebellum - control of movement. Comparator (motor action matches motor plan eg. Pick up glass of water, did I get glass?) Alcohol effects this heavily. Ataxia is movement problems due to cerebellum problems. Midline is vermis. 3.) Brainstem - several parts: medulla (vital reflexes cardiovascular, respiration and nonvital reflexes sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing), Pons (respiratory), midbrain (visual and auditory reflexes), Thalamus (sensory relay station), hypothalamus (ANS, unconscious data, h20 balance, bp, heart rate, digestion, sleepiness and wakefulness). *diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

Name the three prominent sutures of the cranium.

1.) Coronal (frontal L to R) 2.) Sagittal (anterior to posterior) 3.) lambdoid (lambda shaped in back of skull)

List the components of each of the layers and their individual function.

1.) External: A.) Sclera (white of eye) B.) cornea (transparent) 2.) Middle: A.) Choroid: vascular layer B.) Ciliary Body: provides attachement poin for lens, connects choroid w/ iris, produces aqueous humor C.) Iris - color part, and protective sphincter for retinal. Radial smooth muscles CN II. 3.) Internal: A.) Retina - cell layers, photoreceptors, B.) Optic Nerve I.) Optic Disc: where optic nerve enters eye, blind spot, no photoreceptors, C.) Macula Lutea: indented part of retina, yellow spot, area of fine vision. I.) Fovea Centralis: center of macula lutea... VERY FINE vision.

What is unusual about the superficial fascia of the face, of the scalp?

1.) Face: unorganized, loose. No deep fascia 2.) Scalp: extremely fibrous, hold the vessels open even when lacerated

Name the different dural infoldings and their associated venous sinuses.

1.) Falx Cerebri - Vertical. divides L&R Cerebral Hemispheres. A.) Superior Sagittal Sinus (ant → post), superior edge of falx cerebri. B.) Inferior Sagittal Sinus (ant → post) , inferior edge of falx cerebri. C.) Straight Sinus (recieves blood from inferior Sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein) 2.) Falx Cerebelli - Vertical, Divides L&R Cerebellum. 3.) Tentorium Cerebelli - Horizontal. Divides cerebellum from cerebrum A.) 2 transverse sinuses (L&R) (post → ant) leaves the infolding and becomes Sigmoid Sinus. B.) Sigmoid Sinus (2) Empties into Internal Jugular NOTE: Internal Jugular Vein: almost all venous blood from head empties here

Describe the four lobes of the cerebrum, their position to each other and their function.

1.) Frontal - anterior cranial fossa. Fcts: reward, attention, short term memory tasks, motivation, 2.) parietal - superior portion fct: integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, knowledge of numbers and their relations, and in the manipulation of objects, 3.) temporal - lateral parts of middle cranial fossa fct: auditory perception, semantics in speech and vision, 4.) occipital - extend posteriorly over the tentorium cerebelli fct: primary visual cortex

List the attachments, actions, and nerve supply of the infra- and suprahyoid muscles.

1.) Infrahyoid: nerves: Cervical Plexus C1-C3, actions: depresses hyoid bone. I.) SternoHyoid (sternum → hyoid) II.) SternoThyroid (sternum → thyroid) III.) Omohyoid (scapula → hyoid) IV.) Thyrohyoid (thyroid → hyoid) 2.) Suprahyoid: I.) Digastricus (mastoid notch → hyoid → mandible) Nerves: CN III, CN V3 Action: elevates hyoid, open mouth. II.) Stylohyoid (styloid process → hyoid) (splits to allow digastricus to run through it) Nerve: CN VII Action: Elevate hyoid bone III.) myohyoid (mandible → hyoid) (floor of mouth) Nerve: CN V3, Action: elevates tongue IV.) Geniohyoid (mandible → hyoid) Nerves C1-C3, Action: elevates hyoid and base of tongue

Be able to identify the muscles of mastication and describe their action.

1.) Masseter: A: Zygomatic Arch B: angle and ramus of mandible ACTION: closes and protracts mandible 2.) Temporalis A: Temporal fossa B: Coronoid process and ramus of mandible ACTION: closes and retracts mandible 3.) Lateral Pterygoid A: lateral side of pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone) B: Neck of mandible and articular disk of TMJ ACTION: opens and protracts mandible 4.) Medial Pterygoid A: Medial side of pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone) B: Medial side of angle of mandible ACTION: closes and protracts mandible

What muscles are involved in solving the problems in #8?

1.) Moving trachea: levator palati, tensor palati, palatopharyngeous muscle 2.) Move Trachea: suprahyoid muscles, tongue

List the cavities of the skull.

1.) Nasal Cavity. 2.) Cranial Vault. 3.) Orbital Cavities. 4.) Middle Ear Cavity

Define the boundaries and contents of the three subdivisions of the pharynx.

1.) NasoPharynx - post to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate to base of skull. 2.) Oropharynx - post to oral cavity- b/t soft palate and epiglottis. 3.) post to larynx - epiglottis to inferior larynx

List the two basic subdivisions of the skull.

1.) Nuerocranium - surrounds the cranial vault. Some paired bones (parietal, temporal) and some unpaired bones (frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, calveria (skull cap), cranial base) 2.) Facial Skeleton (viscerocranium) - surround mouth, nose, eyes. Unpaired bones (mandible, vomer) Paired Bones (nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, palatine, zygomatic)

Be able to identify the muscles of facial expression and describe their action.

1.) Occipitofraontalis: A: Skin of root of nose and eyebrows; superior nuchal line B: Epicranial aponeurosis Action: elevates eyebrows (big smile or big surprise) 2.) Zygomaticus A: zygomatic arch B: Skin at angle of mouth Action: elevates angle of mouth (smile) 3.) Orbicularis oris A: superficial fascia and adjacent muscles around the mouth B: skin of the lips Action: closes and protrudes lips (kiss) 4.) Orbicularis oculi A: Medial margins of bony orbit B: Zygomatic bone or complete ellipse Action: gentle/forceful blinking; may aid in lacrimal gland pumping 5.) Buccinator A: pterygomandibular raphe B: angle of mouth (into fibers of orbicularis oris muscle) Action: Makes cheeks rigid (trumpeter), keeps food between teeth 6.) Platysma A: Superficial fascia of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles B: lower border of mandible, skin and muscles around mouth Action: may relieve pressure around neck (tight collar muscle), forced respiration 7.) Mentalis A: anterior point of mandible B: skin of chin Action: raises skin of chin

List the sinuses of the skull

1.) Paranasal sinuses (all drain into the nasal cavity) 2.) Frontal (above eyes) 3.) maxillary (above upper teeth) 4.) ethmoid (sinus cells, spaces, project from ethmoid bone) 5.) sphenoid (base of pituitary gland (entry point for pituitary surgery))

Define the triangles of the neck; include the important boundaries and contents of each.

1.) Posterior Triangle: Boundaries: Sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscle, clavicle bone. Floor is scalene muscles. Contents: brachial plexus, subclavian artery. 2.) Anterior Triangle: Boundaries: Sternocleidomastoid, medial of anterior of neck. Contents: thyroid gland, carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vegus nerve, sympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, hyoid muscles

Be able to describe the differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

1.) Spinal nerves have somatic function and autonomic functions. Cranial nerves have these, but also can have a special sense function. There are no sympathetic nerves in the cranial nerves only Parasympathetic. The Cranial nerves enter/exit brain stem whereas spinal nerves enter/exit the spinal cord. 2.) CN: a.)motor fct: cell bodies in brainstem b.) sensory fct: cell bodies in ganglia outside CNS c.) autonomic fct: III, VII, IX, X, parasympathetic, glands of head and thorax/abdomen

List the attachments, actions and nerve supply for the muscles found in both neck triangles.

1.) Sternocleidomastoid: A: Sternum and clavicle B: Mastoid process of skull INN: Accesory Nerve (CN XI) ACTION: flexion of cervical spine, draw head to shoulder, rotate head 2.) Scalene A: Transverse processes of Cervical vertebrae B ribs (1 or 2) INN: Cervical spinal nerves ACTION: stabilize head, aid in respiration, lateral neck flexion

Describe the flow of venous blood from the brain; include descriptions of the major dural sinuses.

1.) Superior Sagittal Sinus → Confluence → transverse Sinuses (L&R) → Sigmoid Sinuses (L&R) → Internal Jugular Vein 2.) Cavernous Sinuses → Superior Petrosal Sinuses → Transverse Sinuses (L&R) → Sigmoid Sinuses (L&R) → Internal Jugular Vein 3.) Cavernous Sinuses → Inferior Petrosal Sinuses → Internal Jugular Vein

Describe the branches of the trigeminal nerve including any named nerves discussed in lecture and/or lab.

1.) V1- Opthalmic Nerve. Fct: sensory. Skin of forehead, cornea, frontal sinus, meninges Branch: Supraorbital Branch - through supraorbital foramen Path: Supraorbital Foramen → orbit → Superior Orbital fissure → Trigeminal ganglion → Brainstem 2.) V2 - Maxillary Nerve. Fct: sensory. Skin of cheeks, skin of lateral nose, skin of lateral eyes, nasal cavity, upper teeth/gums, nasopharynx, meninges. Branches: infraorbital branch. Path: Infraorbital Foramen → orbit → foramen rotundem → Trigeminal ganglion → brainstem. 3.) V3 - Mandibular Nerve Fct: A: Sensory. Skin of face lower lip and below, mucus membrane of mouth, lower teeth/gums, TMJ, Ear drum. B: Motor. Muscles of mastication. Branches: A: Lingual Branch - (most anterior) sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue B: Inferior Alveolar - lower teeth/gums. Runs through mandible and emerges through mental foramen as the mental nerve. Path: Mental Foramen → Mandible → Mandibular Foramen → Foramen Ovale → Trigeminal Ganglion → Brainstem C: Masseteric Nerve - motor for masseter muscle. Does not stop in trigeminal ganglion

Describe the folds of the larynx.

1.) Vocal Folds: free edge of vocal ligs covered with mucus membrane 2.) vestibular fold (false vocal cord) - vestibular ligament covered with mucus membrane

List the stages of swallowing.

1.) food from oral cavity to oropharynx (tongue forces food back (voluntary action)) 2.) Food from oropharynx to laryngopharynx A.) Breathing and chewing stop B.) Sup and Mid constrictors move food inferiorly C.) Pharygeal muscles contract to keep food from going in nasopharynx D.) pharynx stabilized by stylopharyngeus muscle E.) Hyoid and larynx elevate and move forward so epiglottis is forced down over larynx (involuntary action by suprahyoids) 3.) food from laryngopharynx to esophagus by inferior constrictors (involuntary)

Describe the types of articulations found in the skull.

1.) nonmoveable (teeth, sutures) 2.) Moveable (Tempero Mandibular Joint - synovial hinge and gliding)

List the functions of the larynx.

1.) protective sphincter of trachea 2.) increase throacic pressure and increase intraabdominal pressure. 3.) phonation

Define the pterion, bregma and lambda.

1.) pterion - anterior part of temporal fossa, superior to the midpoint of the zygomatic arch. Indicated by H-shaped formation of sutures that unite the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. 2.) bregma - landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures. 3.) lambda - the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. It can sometimes be felt as a depression.

What structures are involved in "thoracic outlet syndrome"?

Brachial Plexus and Subclavian Arteries run between the scalene muscles (anterior and middle).

Be able to describe the circulation of CSF, beginning with its production at the choroid plexuses and ending with its reabsorption into the blood.

CSF produced in Choroid Plexus and is produced in excess. Since is produced in excess, the CSF has a circulation. There are 3 openings in the 4th ventricle that allow the csf to move from the ventricle into the subarachnoid space in skull which is also continuous with the subarachnoid space in the spine. There are one-way valves in the subarachnoid space of Superior Sagittal Sinus (may be any sinus), these valves are called: arachnoid granulations or arachnoid villi. They funnel the CSF back into the venous system.

Describe the larynx in terms of the cartilages that compose it.

Cartilages of larynx are: modified tracheal rings and horseshoe shaped. 4 types: 1.) cricoid - is complete ring, most inferior, large part post and small part ant 2.) thyroid cartilage - most prominent (adam's apple) 3.) arythnoid cartilages (X2, paired L&R), can move, sit on top of cricoid. 4.) epiglottic - base of tongue and thyroid cartilage

Describe the white matter of the cerebrum, its different fiber tracts and their destinations.

Cell processes from gray matter. Fibers: 1.) Association Fibers - connecting same side hemisphere 2.) commisural Fibers - connect R&L Hemispheres. Corpus Collosum is most prominent. 3.) Projection Fibers - connect cerebrum with other brain parts.

What muscles form the pharynx? What is their action, attachments and nerve supply.

Constrictors. ALL: Nerve: CN IX (sensory) and X (Motor) 1.) superior: pterygomandibular raphe to each other. 2.) middle: hyoid bone to each other. 3.) inferior: thyroid cartilage to each other

Describe a primary function of the cerebellum

Controls movement. Comparator - compares motor plan to what is happening. Sensory info gets fed back so we can follow a plan. (want to pick up a bottle, did we get it or miss it?)

Name and describe the individual layers of the meninges surrounding the brain; know how they differ from those of the spinal cord.

Deep → Superficial: Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater (2 layers meningeal (inner) and periosteal (outer)).

Be able to describe the general sensory and motor functions of the facial nerve. In this context, describe how facial nerve "palsy" would present clinically.

Facial Nerve (CN VII) innervates muscles of expression, small part of the ear (sensory), lacrimal glands, salivary glands, mucous glands in nose and mouth, taste (2/3 ant of tongue). Bell's Palsey: unilateral disfunction of facial muscle due to pressure in facial canal (close to ear). Middle ear problems can cause Bell's Palsey. This would result in decrease or loss of these functions of CN VII

Name the twelve pairs of cranial nerves and give a very brief (one or two sentence) description of the function of each.

Format: Number, Name, Fct, Foramen of Exit 1.) I, Olfactory, smell, cribiform plate 2.) II, Optic, vision, optic canal 3.) III, oculomor, 5/7 extra ocular muscles/ pupil constriction/ lens accomodation, superior orbital fissure 4.) IV, Trochlear, 1/7 extra ocular muscle, superior orbital fissure 5.) A.) V, trigeminal opthalmic V1, skin avove eyes (supraorbital n.)/ cornea, superior orbital fissure B.) V, Trigeminal Maxillary V2, skin below eyes to lips (infraorbial n.)/ upper teeth, foramen rotundum C.) V, Trigeminal Mandibular V3, muscles of mastication/ skin below lips (mental n.)/ lower teeth (inferior alveolar n.)/ anterior 2/3 tongue (lingual n.), foramen ovale 6.) VI, abducens, 1/7 extra ocular muscles, Superior Orbital Fissure 7.) VII, Facial, Muscles of expression/ Ear Canal/ Part of Auricle/ taste/ ant 2/3 tongue (chorda tympani)/ lacrimal glands/ submanidular and sublingual salivary glands, Internal Acoustic meatus. 8.) VIII, Vestibulocochlear, Hearing and balance, Internal Acoustic Meatus. 9.) IX, Glossopharyngeal, Pharyngeal Muscles, Wall of Pharynx/ Post 1/3 tongue, Taste (post 1/3 tongue), parotid salivary gland, Jugular Foramen 10.) X, Vagus, Pharyngeal Muscles/ Laryngeal Muscles/ Ear Canal/ Taste: Base of tongue/ thoracic and abdominal visceral, Jugular Foramen 11.) XI, Spinal Accessory, Trapezius Muscle/ sternoclediomastoid muscle, Jugular Foramen, 12.) VII, Hypoglossal, muscles of tongue, Hypoglossal canal

Understand the distribution of and be able to name and identify the primary branches of the external carotid artery which supply the face.

From inferior to Superior. 1.) Superior Thyroid - thyroid, neck, larynx 2.) lingual - tongue 3.) facial - (very coiled) face 4.) occipital branch - scalp 5.) maxillary - (deep to mandible) teeth gums, nasal cavity, muscles of mastication gives rise to 5A.) Middle Meningeal - only branch of External Carotid to enter Cranial Vault, main supply of blood to dura mater of brain 6.) superficial temporal - scalp

Describe the lacrimal gland and "tearing", include its nerve supply.

Lacrimal gland in superior lateral quadrant of orbit. CN VII. Lacrimal fluid is moved lateral → medial with blinks. The Nasolacrimal duct is in most media part of eye - medial eye → nasal cavity. Lacrimal fluid is critical to the health of the cornea.

Describe the difference between the optic axis and the orbital axis.

Optic: in line with the macula lutea (line of sight). Orbital: in line with the optic disk (axis of rotation)

What are the "arches" of the oropharynx and what actually forms them?

Palatoglossal - soft palate to tongue. Palatopharyngeal - soft palate to pharanx. These are mucus membrane over muscles that have same name as arches.

Describe the production of CSF, include a description of the choroid plexus.

Produced in ventricles in brain (Lateral, 3rd, 4th). Choroid plexus is Modified capillaries + ependymal cells that line ventricles. Choroid plexus consists of vasular fringes of pia mater covered by cuboidal epithelial cells.

Describe the temporomandibular joint.

TMJ - b/t condyle of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone. Types of joints: 1.)Synovial hinge joint functions: depress - open, elevate - close. 2.)Gliding joint functions: protract - stick jaw out, retract - pull back. If protract one side and retract the other we get grinding of teeth/food.

Describe the temporal mandibular joint in terms of the bones involved and the action of the joint.

TMJ - b/t condyle of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone. Synovial hinge joint functions: depress - open, elevate - close. Gliding joint functions: protract - stick jaw out, retract - pull back. If protract one side and retract the other we get grinding of teeth/food.

How is the auditory tube opened?

Tensor palati lifts the upper part of the opening

What are the "tonsils" and where are they located?

Tonsils are lymph structures. Palantine tonsils = back of oral cavity. Between arches? Pharyngeal tonsils = back of nasal cavity.

List and describe the articulations of the larynx.

Two articulations: Both are synovial gliding. 1.) cricoarytenoid articulation - between cricoid and arthenoid cartilages ad/abduction of vocal folds (changes size of rima glattidis) Muscles: lateral cricoanytenoid (add), arytenoideus (add), post cricoarytenoid (ab) (forced resp, shout) 2.) cricothyroid - changes tesnion on vocal folds Muscles: cricothyroid, vocallis, thyroarytenoideus

Describe the muscles that work on the articulations in #

Two articulations: Both are synovial gliding. 1.) cricoarytenoid articulation - between cricoid and arthenoid cartilages ad/abduction of vocal folds (changes size of rima glattidis) Muscles: lateral cricoanytenoid (add), arytenoideus (add), post cricoarytenoid (ab) (forced resp, shout) 2.) cricothyroid - changes tesnion on vocal folds Muscles: cricothyroid, vocallis, thyroarytenoideus

Describe the ventricular system of the brain, their arrangement and position and their connections with the subarachnoid space.

Ventricular system is remnants of the neural tube that was the first formation of the brain and spinal cord. This is the place where CSF is produced 4 ventricle: two Lateral, 3rd, and 4th. 1.) lateral ventricals (two of these, R&L), Large C-shaped structures. Connect with 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramina. Corpus callosum forms the roof of these ventricles. 2.) 3rd ventricle. Thin, narrow, bounded laterally by thalamus and hypothalamus. Connected to 4th ventricle via Mesencephalic Aqueduct. 3.) 4th ventricle: at base of cerebellum, is continuous with central canal of spinal cord. There are three openings in the 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space (2 lateral, 1 medial) NOTE: Central Canal of Spinal Cord houses the spinal cord and is very narrow.

Describe abduction and adduction of the vocal folds.

cricoarytenoid articulation. Abduction - opening, adduction - closing.

Define "functional localization".

different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions

What are the primary target organs of the hyoid muscles?

larynx, pharynx, mouth, tongue

Describe the primary functions of each of the subdivisions of the brainstem.

medulla (vital reflexes cardiovascular, respiration and nonvital reflexes sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing), Pons (respiratory), midbrain (visual and auditory reflexes), Thalamus (sensory relay station), hypothalamus (ANS, unconscious data, h20 balance, bp, heart rate, digestion, sleepiness and wakefulness). *diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

Define the "pharynx".

musculomembranous space that lies posterior to nasal and oral cavities; it serves as a common proximal origin for the respiratory and GI systems

What daily activities are effected by the hyoid muscles?

swallowing, speech, respiration, chewing

List four characteristics, function and anatomy of the cerebrum.

used for perception, cognition, higher motor functions, emotion, personality, language skills, memory. It is very large, has sulci (depressions) and gyri (ridges) Right controls left body, Left controls right body. Each Hemisphere has particular functions: R - visual/spatial relationships L - language. Cells are arranged somatotopically (body mapped)