Anatomy Unit 8: Muscle System Quiz

What are the 4 key characteristics of skeletal/striated muscle?

- attached to bones - voluntary contractions - cylindrical cells that are very long - multinucleated with striations

What are the 4 key characteristics of cardiac muscle?

- involuntary contraction in heart - cylindrical cells that branch and have striations - one nucleus - rhythmic contractions (mixture of smooth/skeletal muscle!)

What are the 4 key characteristics of smooth/visceral muscle?

- located in walls of internal organs - involuntary contraction - has spindle shaped cells with one nucleus - slow contractions to sustain contractions

How do muscles get energy from creatine phosphate/what is creatine phosphate?

- naturally found in muscles - fastest way to get ATP in early stages of contraction (not a lot so doesn't last long) - the energy of the phosphate is transferred to ADP then ATP

What is aerobic respiration?

- starts when creatine phosphate runs out - requires oxygen and glucose

What connects skin to muscle?

- superficial fascia made of loose areolar connective tissue

What special features of muscle fibers help with aerobic respiration?

1. glycogen, excess glucose converted by liver, can be stored in the muscles meaning a ready supply of glucose is always there 2. myoglobin is a protein in muscle cells that takes O2 from blood and stores it

What happens when the heart cannot keep up due to the excessive physical activity?

Anaerobic respiration begins

T/F - Musces that move a body part usually lie right on top?

FALSE! muscles that move a body part usually proximal For example, the biceps move the radius and ulna because it it is proximal!

How does the system move the body?

Muscles pull on bones inclues even eye and facial movements

Example of opposing muscle movement

When flexing the forearm, the biceps brachii is the prime mover, brachialis is the synergist, and the triceps brachii is the antagonist

What happens after anaerobic respiration?

When the body collapse, the oxygen it brings in starts converting lactic acid into pyruvate to get rid of it. Lactic acid can take 24-36 hours to get rid of.

What are example of names of muscles that you can deduce the number of heads from?

biceps - 2 heads triceps - 3 heads quadriceps - 4 heads

What are muscle fibers grouped together called?

bundles or fascicles

What else does the epimysium contain?

collagenous fibers that form tendons (tendons also made of fibrous connective tissue) which attach muscle to bone

Where do muscles draw their energy from? (3)

creatine phosphate, aerobic cellular respiration, and aerobic cell respiration

What are example of words found in muscle names that you can deduce the shape?

deltoid - triangle trapezius - trapezoid rhomboideus/teres - rhombus

What surrounds a muscle fiber or cell?

endomysium

What surrounds each muscle?

epimysium

What actions of a muscle can you deduce from the muscle name?

flexors, extensors, abductors, and adductors. ex: flexor carpi ulnaris or adductor longus

What is needed and made from anaerobic respiration? (equation)

glucose = lactic acid + E also known as 2 ATPs

What is needed and made from aerobic respiration? (equation)

glucose and 6 O2s = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O and E also known as 36-38 ATPs

What are examples of names of muscles that allow you to deduce the size?

gluteus maximus or minimus peroneus longus

How does the system help with other necessary functions? (4 points)

helps... 1. respiratory system with breathing by the diaphragm and intercostals 2. digestive system move food in tract by visceral muscle 3. helps digestive and urinary system by moving waste due to visceral muscle 4. helps cardiovascular system because the heart is a muscle

What makes up a muscle?

individual muscle fibers or cells

What is another name for anaerobic respiration?

lactic acid fermentation

What is epimysium?

layer of connective tissue directly connected to the muscle or an organ

What tissues make up muscles?

mainly muscle tissue *duh* nervous and connective tissue also make up muscles

How do tendons merge to the bone?

merge to the periosteum

How does the system maintain body temperature in the body?

muscle contraction produces heat

What does transverse mean?

muscle fibers that run horizontally

What is the synergist?

muscle that contracts with prime mover

What is a flexor? (flexion)

muscle that decreases the joint angle

What is an extensor? (extension)

muscle that increases the joint angle

What is an abductor? (abduction)

muscle that moves the body part laterally away from the mid-line

What is an adductor? (adduction)

muscle that moves the body part towards the mid-line

What is the antagonist?

muscle that relaxes while prime contracts

What does oblique mean?

muscle that runs diagonal

What is the prime mover?

muscle whose contraction provides movement

How does the skeletal muscle help cardiovascular and lymph systems?

muscles get blood back to the heart by moving fluids throughout the body

What makes up the muscular system?

muscles, tendons, and ligaments

What happens to the bone when muscles contract?

one bone remains stationary and the other moves

How does the system support the body?

oppose force of gravity to hold us upright

What surrounds a bundle/fascicle?

perimysium

Examples of muscles that are associated with fiber direction?

rectus abdominis (straight muscle in abdomen duh) transverse abdominis

What words are associated with fiber direction?

rectus, transverse, oblique, and orbicularis

What does orbicularis mean?

runs circular

What are examples of names of muscles that you can deduce the attachment from?

sternocleidomastoid brachioradialis

What does rectus mean?

straight

What are the 6 functions of the muscular system?

supports the body, movement, maintain body temperature, skeletal muscle helps cardiovascular and lymph system, protection, and it helps with other necessary functions

How does the system protect the body?

surround and pad bones and internal organs muscles, tendons, and ligaments help stabilize joints

What is the periosteum?

that outer connective tissue covering the bone also made of fibrous connective tissue

What things can you deduce from the muscle name?

the action, direction of fibers, location, shape, size, and attachments or heads

What is anaerobic respiration?

the converting of glucose to ATP without oxygen (due to 'oxygen debt') that produces lactic acid and other side effects

What is the insertion of the muscle?

the end attached to the bone that moves

What is the origin of the muscle?

the end that is attached to the stationary bone

What layer do blood and nerves enter the muscle through?

the endomysium

What happens when the muscles face lactic acid build up?

the enzymes can no longer work because of acidic environment, muscles fatigue, and cramping starts. Can lead to muscles not contracting and body collapsing to bring in more O2.

What is a contraction?

the work of a muscle the shortening of muscle fibers along the length

What are examples of names of muscles that allow you to deduce the location?

tibialis anterior intercostals rectus abdominis

How do athletes lessen the chance of anaerobic respiration?

training stimulates muscles to make more mitochondria to keep up with the oxygen demands of sports and trains the cardio vascular system to be more effective.

T/F - Muscles work in opposing groups?

true

What are examples of words found in muscle names that all you to deduce the size?

vastus/maximus - huge brevis/minimus - short