ANFS 424 final
mucosa
interface with lumen Absorption and secretion
proximate analysis
separates feed components into groups according to their feeding value: Water (DM), Ash (minerals), crude protein (CP), Ether extract (fat), Crude fiber (CF), Nitrogen-free extract
Submucosa
structural and immune cells
net energy
- Energy available to the animal for maintenance and productive processes - NE = ME -HI -HF
Endocrine of duodenum
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) - gallbladder, stomach - Gastrin (G cells) - increase HCl secretion (stomach) - Secretin (S cells) - decrease HCl (stomach), increase HCO3 (pancreas)
duodenum
- Pancreatic juice (enzymes and bicarbonate) - Bile secretions - Secretions from enterocytes - Endocrine secretions
Estimation of Basal endogenous losses
- Supplement Synthetic amino acids: Include most amino acids in diet, Selected AA excluded from diet but iv. infused, Excluded AA in ileal digesta are endogenous - AA digestibility: (AA intake- (ileal AA outflow- basal ileal AA en)) / AA intake x 100
innate immunity
-1st response, rapid, nonspecific -causes: inflammation, cell responses -less efective -development cost low, usage cost high -large effect on growth and metabolism
Functional Protein mechanisms
-Antigen+Antibody complex -improves immunity -improves barrier function -reduces inflammation -Expensive
Mineral continued
-Ca, P: buffering capacity, P stimulates microbe growth, phytase increases Ca and P -Iron: high compromises intestinal integrity and increases bacteria
Digestibility variations
-Fecal vs ileal: sampling location, overestimated in fecal due to microbial fermentation -Apparent vs True: distinguish endogenous contribution, underestimated in apparent, due to endogenous
short term feed intake control
-Feed presence in GI determine meal size and satiation -Attractive taste -Endocrine control: CKK (inhibits), Ileal brake (PYY) inhibits, ghrelin (stimulates)
Catecholamine and glucocorticoids
-Fight or flight -Ligands: Epi and NE - Receptors: Alpha-andrenergic and Beta-andrenergic
Functional Proteins
-For improving immune status -immunoglobulins: spray-dried plasma (pig IgG), Whey (cow IgG), Egg powder (chicken IgY)
immunity and macronutrients
-immunity affected by protein-energy malnutrition -barrier functions impaired -decreased circulating lymphocytes
long term feed intake control
-Leptin modulate feed intake -More adipose increases leptin
Van Soest (Detergent) method of forage evaluation
-More accurate, more for ruminants - Nuetral Detergent Fiber = hemocellulose+cellulose+lignin (predicted intake) -Acid Detergent Fiber= Cellulose+lignin (predicted digestibility)
Avian Digestion
-No teeth, poorly developed salivary glands -Crop (enlarged esophagus, moistening reservoir, salivary amylase) -Proventriculus (gastric pH = 4, HCL and pepsin, rapid pass through ~14sec) -Gizzard (mechanical, grit, no secretion)• Small intestine (similar to mammals, no lactase) -Ceca (2 of blind pouches, similar with mammal but lower level of fermentation) -Cloaca (uric acid)
Glucose regulation
-Pancreas senses blood glucose, AAs, and FAs - regulate GLUT4 receptor (glucose) in muscle and fat - increase: glucose use by tissues, lipogenesis, AA uptake in muscle, protein synthesis - decrease: lipolysis
Predicting Feed Intake
-Productivity -External Environment -Internal Stress -Cleanliness of feed and Water
horse digestion
-Saliva contains no enzyme -Smaller stomach and weaker muscular movement -Small portions of ration several times daily -No gallbladder (direct secretion of bile into duodenum) -Big large intestine (over 60%): Bacterial breakdown of cellulose to VFAs, Bacterial synthesis of water soluble vitamins, Bacterial synthesis of protein (limited use, lack of digestion and absorption) -Small colon: water reabsorption
Minerals
-Se: antioxidant -Zn: high, NO reduction in bacteria -CU: high -Reduce conc. E coli -Reduce scouring in nursery pigs
immunity and vitamin D
-immunoregulator, paradoxical -immune cells express VD receptor -promotion of phagocytosis, superoxide synthesis, bacterial killing -inhibit T cells and cytokines
feed restriction
-Young animals: reduce growth rate, affecs adipose storage -Lactating: metabolize tissues, nutrients flow to mammary
immunity and vitamin E
-cell membrane protection, antioxidant -more beneficial in elderly
immunity and Vitamin A
-children vulnerable -Innate: GI barrier, neutrophil maturation, killer cell activity
immunity and zinc
-cofactor for enzymes -DNA synthesis, cell growth, antioxidant defense
Non-starch polysaccharides
-correlation between soluble NSP and pathogen proliferation -NSP increase viscosity, decrease transit rate, decrease digestibility -Insoluble NSP increase solubility and wash out mucin (increase early post wean)
over nutrition and inflammation
-fat activates Gi immunity and inflammation -quickly + reersibly change microbiome -low grade adipose inflammation -food additives increase inflammation
immunity and iron
-innate response to bacteria
fat accretion
-lipogenesis -lipolysis -FA oxidation -FA and glucose transport -Adipocyte proliferation and differentiation
Probiotics
-live cultures of bacillus, lactic acid producing bacteria or yeast -colonize GI -competitive exclusion -features needed: can establish in GI, high growth rate, excrete metabolites, grow under commercial conditions, stable enough to survive in feed
postnatal muscle growth
-protein synthesis -protein degradation -AA transport -proliferation and differentiation of muscle cell
Importance of Energy
-required for biological processes -Cost of ingredient for energy contribute the largest portion of total feed cost -animals eat for energy -feed energy values: Prediction of voluntary feed intake, Other essential nutrients in diets , AAs:Energy ratio in diet formulation
adaptive immunity
-specific, slow then quick, remember -T cell categories cytokines -B cell and antibodies -development cost high, usage cost low -no nutritional consequences
low protein diet
-undigested protein enters LI and increases microbial fermentation, increases substrates for pathogens -Should reduce CP 3-4%, 18% CP or less
digestable energy
Energy in food minus fecal energy
Fecal Energy (FE)
Energy in the feces: Undigested food energy, Fecal energy of metabolic origin (endogenous), Sloughed off intestinal cells, Intestinal secretions, Microbial cells
urinary energy
Energy in the urine/uric acid
heat increment
Energy loss during nutrient digestion and metabolism
Gross Energy (GE)
Energy released as heat when an organic substance is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O: Heat of combustion, Total energy in a food or feedstuff
Energy utilization
GE>DE+ fecal>ME+ urinary + gaseous >NE and Heat Increment
somatotropin axis
GH and Insulin like GF: diverts from adipose to bone/muscle
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Gross energy of the feed minus the energy in feces, urine and combustible gasses
Ileum
Gut associated lymphoid tissue, Peyer's patches (immunological tissue which samples contents of GI tract and protects host)
secretions from enterocytes
Lactase (not in birds), Sucrase (not in ruminants), Maltase, Peptidases
Heat of fermentation
eat produced in the digestive tract as a result of microbial action from the rumen, cecum, large intestine
dietary supplements for growth
acidifiers, probiotics, prebiotic, essential oils, minerals
energy requirements
affected by: Age, Sex, Species, Activity level, Production level, Environmental conditions, Body composition, Fat vs muscle, Size of organs (GI, liver, kidney, heart)
immunity and selenium
cofactor of enzymes for antioxidant defense
Gaseous Energy
combustible gases produced in the digestive tract during microbial fermentation of food
jejunum
longest, villi + microvilli + folds, enterocyte enzymes (Maltase, sucrase, Lipase, Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, Nucleotidase), nutrient sensing
Nutritional Strategies for growth
low protein, selected cereal grains, restricted feeding, functional proteins, liquid feeding
Muscularis
muscle for motility
Nutrient priorities
nervous>circulatory>respiratory>digestive>repro tissues: skeletal>muscle>adipose
Serosa
outermost layer
Energy Density
predicts intake unless stomach becomes full
large intestine
water reabsorption, stores undigested contents, bacterial fermentation (water soluble vitamin + K synthesis, some fiber breakdown, some protein synthesis, synthesis of VFAs)