Animal Science 200 Exam 2 UW Madison
gregarious nesting
won't nest unless there are many birds (use mirrors)
psittacosis (B) birds
"parrot fever" -can affect humans -diarrhea, sneezing, pneumonia -easily treatable
bird heart complexity
-4-chambered heart -no metamorphosis -oviparous -homeothermic
ferret reproduction
-females in estrous twice per year **-females are induced ovulators -altricial kits -gestation = 6 weeks
guinea pig feeding
-fiber!!! -need salt-ring and vitamin C
PBFD (psittacine beak & feather disease) (V)
-first seen in cockatoos -loss of feathers -bad beaks -neurotic behavior and death
rodent housing
-metal cage best to reduce smell -bedding (wood shavings or newspaper)
rabbit sight
-monocular vision -poor ability to focus and see in front of them -wide range of vision -good ability to detect motion, predators
home life/territory/nest building of birds
-most claim a definable area -nests vary from simple to complex -cavity nests = cage birds
chinchillas
-need to be kept cool -bushy fur -nervous -dust bath = keep oil down -precocial young -females may already come pregnant -inbreeding problems
rabbit hair types
-normal: guard hair longer than undercoat -rex: all hair same length -satin: flatten hair (gives shiny look) -Angora: super long hair
sugar gliders
-not common companion animals -Marsupials from Australia & Indonesia -large, protruding eyes -tails = same length as body -lifespan = 5-7 in wild, 10-15 in captivity --> consistent food supply -gray/brown w/ cream underside -males have large scent gland on top of head
hedgehog health
-not much known -common carriers of salmonella tilene -wobbly hedgehog syndrome -parasites are common -obesity = problem
rabbit size
-on average 4-8 lbs, but can range from 2-20 lbs -females are larger than males
Monotremes
-oviparous = eggs ex: platypus & spiny anteater
flight adaptations of birds
-streamlined shape -feathers -fused backbone -pneumatic bones -oxygen = gathering capacity
sugar gliders housing
-tall cage w/ perches, branches -dark sleeping box -feed, water dishes
how egg is produced = male
-testes are inside body (soft) -lack other glands -helps incubate egg with female
placenta
-tissue develops from embryo -protects baby -transfers nutrients
rabbit viral disease: myxomatosis
-transmitted through flies and fleas -causes fever & swelling -no treatment -"big head disease" -kill animal and burn it -invasive = infected taken to Australia to kill
bacterial diseases in birds
-tuberculosis -mycoplasmosis -salmonella -psittacosis
rat puberty
-vagina opens -testes descend -weight loss -behavior/voice changes
Marsupials
-viviparous = live -primitive placenta in womb, then birthed and continue growing in pouch -short gestation
tube feeding baby birds
-w/ syringe, put directly into crop -fast and cleaner -costs more $$
candidiasis (fungal disease) in birds
-yeast infection -caused by poor hygiene when hand feeding
hob management
-young hob's odor become strong after 16 weeks -fight in december-august -odor lessened between august-december
proventriculus
acid production
accessory sex glands
add fluids to sperm to help move through female tract
feeding human food to birds (adv/disadv)
adv: can provide great variety, no special feed disadv: can be messy, will rot, bird will become picky
seed feeding birds (adv/disadv) (sunflowers)
adv: cheap, easy to store, birds like disadv: high fat, not nutritional
pellet feeding birds (adv/disadv)
adv: mixes everything, long shelf-life, eliminates picking favorites disadv; boring, tough to switch to after human food
ferret colors
albino, dark color, angora
sexual dimorphism
any noticeable difference between males and females -size, shape color -Ferrets = male twice as big as female
feather loss
caused by health issues -nutritional imbalances -psychological problems -boredom -sexual tension
estrogen
causes mating and secondary sex characteristics -produced by cells in the follicle
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
causes ovulation -produced in pituitary -stimulates sex steroid hormone production
oxytocin
causes uterine contractions -produced in the posterior pituitary
weaning
change from baby food to adult food
small intestine
chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place
imprinting
chicks bond to whatever raised them
rabbit teeth
large front teeth with small front teeth behind -wide/flat molars for chewing/grinding plant materials
epiphyses
limit bone growth in mammals
photoperiodism
long-day breeders
prostaglandin
destroys corpus luteum -stimulates production of relaxin
precocial births (guinea pigs, chinchillas)
longer gestation = longer time being pregnant
function of testicles
making sperm
bantam
mini breed of chickens
gizzard
muscular, rocks to grind feed --secretes its own lining
rabbit protozoal disease: coccidiosis
need to keep cages clean so fecal pellets are not ingested
testosterone
need to produce sperm
rat mating behavior
nocturnal breeders
Diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular
diurnal: active in day nocturnal: active at night crepuscular: active @ dawn & dusk
mammal menstrual cycle
shedding of uterus -average of 28 days -day 14-15 fertilization
mice
similar to rats but not as trainable
patagium
skin flap for gliding
legal issues with ferrets
some places (Cali) = illegal to own one w/o permit
puberty
period during which secondary sex characteristics develop and capability of reproduction is attained **-long bone growth stops (closes under influence of estrogen)
birds can eat...
seeds, fruits, nectar, and meat
why feed birds rocks?
to store in their gizzard to break down food -oyster shells provide calcium (laying eggs)
plantigrade movement
walking on palms (bears and humans)
presence of muscular diaphragm in mammals
separates heart & lungs from digestive -4-chambered heart
penis
delivers sperm
feeding baby birds basics
-feed often -should double weight in 5 days -wean @ 4-8 weeks
incubation period for egg
21 days, both male and female incubate
ferrets: non-infectious
**-aplastic anemia = female, red blood cells run out, high estrogen --Solution: spay, get her a male to ovulate -intestinal blockage -urolithiasis -adrenal gland -cancers
rabbit colors
**agouti: bands of colors in fur, wild type Himalayan: dark tips and lighter body
monocular vision in birds
- birds can see all around, BUT they have bad depth perception -good for prey species
hedgehog housing
-"litter-trainable" -individually kept -dark sleeping box -heavy, shallow feeding and water dishes **-cedar bedding may be good, can use other shavings, fleece
estrus phase (in heat)
-FSH and estrogen high -progesterone level low -LH rapidly increases -only time female will accept males
proestrous phase
-FSH increases -follicles grow and mature and produce estrogen
house rabbits
-House Rabbit Society -"rabbit-proof" your house -litter box training may be difficult -keep caged when not around
artificial incubation (THAT)
-Temperature: constant, high temp -Humidity: lose moisture -Air: need to ventilate O2 and CO2 -Turning: turning eggs important for development
pot-bellied pigs health care
-b/c of domestic pigs = more info --> vaccines -parasite control -clip canine teeth -castrate male = aggressive, odor -spay female = less common, noisy in heat
sugar gliders nutrition
-best = insects, nectar -calcium, vitamin D supplement -many are toxic w/ exotic animals
ferret equipment
-cage (not wood = odor) -sleeping box -food dish -water bottle -litter boxes -carrying crate
sugar gliders health
-calcium/vitamin D deficiency -"pneumonias"
aspergillosis
-can affect humans -transmission by spores (dry) -respiratory illness
rats
-can be destructive -keen sense of smell -reproduce very quickly -varies in species, colors
things that are generally bad for birds (toxic agents)
-carbon monoxide -overheated teflon -too much salt -"hardware" problems --birds will eat shiny or interesting objects
ferret feed
-carnivorous -commercial ferret feed is best -dry cat food = protein -treats/supplements
ferrets: viruses
-cat diseases -canine distemper = vaccinate -rabies = vaccinate
marek's disease (V) birds
-causes paralysis in chickens
signs of health probs in birds
-change in poop -weight loss -fluffed feathers -respiratory signs -behavioral changes = sleeping more than normal, less vocalization
spoon feeding baby birds
-cheaper -messier -more humane
galliformes
-chickens, pheasants, peacock -domesticated -can fly short distances -precocial young -few migrate -homeothermic
Protozoal diseases & describe (birds)
-coccidiosis: common in Galliformes, diarrhea -giardiasis: common in budgies; intestinal
rodent feed
-commercial pellets -fruits and veggies -can feed human foods but comes w same issues as birds -food can be left out
pox (V) birds
-common -wet & dry types -not fatal
tuberculosis (B) birds
-common in birds -can affect humans (immunocompromized)
Pot-Bellied Pigs
-common in the 90s -may live 20 years -act like pigs = normal behavior -if cross-bred = HUGE --> know the breeder -mature weight = 80-100 lbs
diestrus phase
-corpus lute forms in ruptured follicle -progesterone level high in case pregnancy -prostaglandin causes CL regression
embryonic development of eggs
-day 19: yolk sac gets absorbed through chick's belly button --chick can live off of yolk for a few days --egg tooth to break out of shell, tooth falls off
hatchlings
-don't need food/water for first few days -precocial chicks need supplemental heat
rabbit parasite diseases
-ear mites -mange mites -worms
mycoplasmosis (B) birds
-especially in galliformes and passerines -swollen respiratory
cursorial birds
-flightless birds -precocial young -no keel bone ex: ostrich, emu
metestrus phase (ovulation)
-follicle opens and releases ovum -rats & mice = spontaneous ovulators
potential probs when feeding baby birds
-food in lungs -crop burns from hot food "sour crop"
anseriformes
-geese, ducks, and water fowl -thick down coat for insulation -female is louder -precocial young
preventing disease in birds
-good husbandry --reduce stress, clean water, good nutrition, exercise -vaccinations -practice good biosecurity
baby feed for birds
-hand feed birds to "train" them -feed temp must be precise -moist food
Rodent characteristics
-herbivores -teeth need to be worn down -most altricial -short reproductive, gestation periods
rabbit diet
-herbivores -veggies, grains, grass, corn, alfalfa
psittaciformes
-hooked bills -X shaped feet, 2 toes forward, 2 toes back -can "talk" -altricial young ex: macaw, cockatoo, parrots
pot-bellied pigs are smart animals
-housebroken easily -not very trainable = destroy things -smell food = get it -require time, attention, money -diet control = easily obese
disease spreading to birds
-humans are common carriers -can be spread through flies, mosquitos, and other animals -most common reason is poor biosecurity
nutritional diseases in birds
-hypocalcemia --laying birds, grains are low in calcium -obesity
rabbit reproduction
-induced ovulates: will only ovulate around males -parturition="kindling" -females have concentrated milk
hedgehog feeding
-insectivores = meal worms, bugs -should add vitamin -some cat food, meat, eggs, fruit -consume a lot of food, relative to size
function of hair on mammals
-insulation -camo -protection -sensory organs (whiskers) -communication
why keep a rodent?
-intelligent -small -clean -inexpensive -low maintenance -durable w/ kids -short-lived
salmonella (B) birds
-kills young birds -respiratory and intestinal in older birds -can affect humans
sight in birds
-large eyes -can see colors -monocular vision
parasitic diseases in birds
-lice & mites: suck blood -air sac mites: canaries, finches -worms: roundworms
how to have good biosecurity
-limit contact w/ hands -clean and disinfect -keep other animals away
rabbit shelter
-live in hutch/cage -can live outside or inside -wire floor = feces fall through -wire on inside of wood frame (chewing)
bird mating
-long day breeders -courtship -artificial insemination
Bird muscles
-make up more than half of birds weight -breast muscle = very strong (35% of weight) -unique pulley and tendon arrangement to lift wings
guinea pig (cavy)
-male: boar -female: sow -shaped like football = no tail -precocial birth, only 2-3 per litter -must mate before 6 mo. or not at all
columbiformes
-pigeons and doves -produce "crop milk" -altricial young
viral diseases in birds
-pox -marek's disease -pacheo's disease -PBFD
general characteristics of mammals
-produce milk -advanced brain -advanced parental care -skin rich in glands -presence of hair
pacheo's disease (V) birds
-psittacines can die w/o symptoms
Hedgehogs
-relatively new as companion animals -quills are not barbed -smell & hearing good -sight = limited -nocturnal -solitary -territorial
Ferrets
-relatives: mink, weasel, skunk -originally domesticated for rodent control -not indigenous to US --> Europe
bird urogenital system
-removes nitrogen waste, water, and non-essential material -uric acid
avian influenza
-respiratory -mutates often so its hard to vaccinate for
rabbit fungal diseases
-ring worm: patches of lost hair and rashes, contagious
miniature pot-bellied pigs
-royal dandies, dandie extreme (20-40 lbs) -only sold spayed/neutered -expensive (thousands of $$)
respiratory of birds
-series of tubes through lungs, to air sacs, to lung capillaries -gas exchange takes place on both inspiration and expiration -**No thoraco =abdominal diaphragm -important for cooling = birds don't sweat
hedgehog reproduction
-sexually mature = 1 year -immediately postpartum = leave alone, cannibalism of young -only live 4-6 years -"hoglets"
sugar gliders reproduction
-short gestation -altricial babies -10 weeks in pouch = joeys -tiny = size of grain of rice -unspoken rule = must have license
hamsters
-short tails -don't get along well with each other -nocturnal -cheek pouches for food
gerbils
-similar to hamster -don't drink a lot of water --> desert animals -less odor -seizures
how egg is produced = female
-single ovary (left side ovulation) -takes about 24 hrs for egg to be laid are ovulation -chicken can hold sperm in body up to 2 weeks to fertilize eggs -UV junction = sperm host glands (female stores)
skeletal differences of mammals
-skull and mandible attached -teeth set in sockets -epiphyses
Bird bones
-small and hollow --> for flight -pneumatic bones = air flows through them
rabbit bacterial diseases
-snuffles: most common, runny nose and wet front feet, need ventilation -mastitis: inflammation of mammary glands
passeriformes
-songbirds, perching -not often kept as pets -developed syrinx for singing -altricial young ex: finches, canaries
Ferrets: need to descent and neuter
-still will have odors -skin glands produce musky scent -may want to bathe occasionally, not too much = more oil
bird digestive system
1. beak 2. crop: stores food 3. proventriculus: secretes acid 4. gizzard: has rocks in it to grind feed 5. small intestine w/ duodenal loop 6. pancreas: digestive enzymes 7. cecum: microbes to digest fibers 8. cloaca: exit of bird
estrous cycle steps in rats
1. proestrous 2. estrus 3. metestrus 4. diestrus
rodent teeth
2 upper and 2 lower chisel-like incisors -no canines -back teeth for chewing
hormones during estrous cycle GRAPH
FSH a little higher than estrogen, both in hill-like movements LH rising drastically progesterone rising then plateau
viral diseases in rodents
immune suppression
Do humans have muscles that can pull?
No. They can only push, which will pull something on the other side
precocial
babies more mature when born
altricial
babies not mature when born, less developed
exotic pets
bad: small info, can't always buy feed from store, difficult to find a vet, may turn into something unexpected good: can be interesting and challenging
non-rodent examples
bats, badgers, ferrets, rabbits, sugar gliders, hedgehogs
Why hand feed baby birds?
better pets, more valuable as pets, tamer as adults, less likely to bite
birds vs reptiles
both: hinged jaw, simple ear, same development birds have: feathers, homeothermic, 4 chambered heart, flexible neck
natural incubation
can "candle" eggs to see viability/development
human influenza: ferrets
can get & transmit (from labs)
wing clipping
clips couple outside wings so birds can't fly
6 orders of birds
cursorial psittaciformes passeriformes columbiformes anseriforms galliformes
what does it mean to be polyestrous?
cycle from puberty until death -length = 4-5 days
bird migration
day-length and migration -guidance system = magnetic field, sun & stars
cloaca
exit from body, waste excreted
Ferrett terminology
female = jill male = hob baby = kit male (castrated) = gib female (spayed) =sprite group = business
cecum
filled with microorganisms, digest fiber
ferrets: parasites
fleas, ear mites, heartworm
function of feathers
flight and insulation they do molt, way of replacing worn feathers
bird sense of taste
generally very bad
rabbit terminology
girl: doe boy: buck baby: kits
parturition in rats
giving birth or "pupping"
human foods that are OK to feed birds
grains, fruits, veggies, meats, legumes, very little dairy
easy or hard to diagnose a sick bird
hard, because they mask illness for survival purposes
bird hearing
hear about same range as humans
self-anointing
hedgehog = drools, licks over body -possibly an aid for senses
examples of herbivores omnivores, and carnivore mammals
herbi: bunny, rodent omni: pig carni: ferret, dog, cat
rabbit malocclusion
overgrown front teeth (have to trim so rabbit can eat)
induced ovulation
ovulation occurring as a result of mating, if seduced -rabbit and hare
spontaneous ovulation
ovulation under cyclic hormonal control (rats, humans)
progesterone
prevents ovulation or maintains pregnancy -produced in Corpus Luteum
antibiotics can cause....
problems with bacteria in GI track
biosecurity
procedures intended to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents
liver
produces bile
coprophagy
rabbits eating CECAL, not fecal pellets (good source of Vitamin B)
rabbits vs hares
rabbits: altricial, rounder body hares: precocial, long thin body
post partum estrus
rats can mate/go through estrous cycle immediately after giving birth
lop rabbits
really big ears, ears lop down
relaxin
relaxes cervix for birth -blood level increases prior to the onset of birth
largest mammal order
rodents
FSH
stimulated follicles -produced in pituitary
prolactin
stimulates milk production and release
crop
storage, digests food slowly over time
gall bladder
stores bile, secretes into small intestine
epididymis
stores sperm -sperm undergo changes = able to swim/fertilize egg
handling rabbits
support butt and hind legs, may break their backs if not
unguligrade movement
walking on nails (horses)
Ferrets differ from rodents
teeth = sharp canines and molars = carnivores
syrinx
the bird's voice box
2 methods of feeding baby birds
tube feeding and spoon feeding
rodent health
tumors are common, which contribute to short life span
rabbit hearing
very good bc large ears
rabbit smell
very good, nose always twitching, lots of receptors
digitigrade movement
walking on digits/toes (cats and dogs)
Is it safe to feed uncooked rice to birds?
yes it is safe to feed rice
