Animation History Midterms

Bimbo

" dog like" character- aim towards adults not like Disney who aimed for everyone. They used a lot of cycles and off model and loose because a lot of artist was not academically trained Everything moves to show a gag even if it doesn't make sense. Exhibits Fleischer Style "Rubber hose" He is small in Swing you Sinners while tall in Dizzy Dishes.

What was Winsor McCay Little Sammy Sneeze" about? Besides lack of color being obvious, what are some characteristics of McCay's strip compared to his contemporaries?

"Little Sammy Sneeze" was a real hit. He is more minimalistic. Draws audiences attention to whats most important (the boy). Makes artistic statement (push caricature but grounded in reality) He took the time to round the corners of the panels, thinking about how it would look like in a movie screen. He is thinking cinematically. He cropped and did a close up like an American shot. It is a graphic statement.

What was Winsor McCay "Dream of the rarebit fiend"?

(1904-1925). Gag builds until the character wakes up. Some kind of crazy dream, it would build and we see a character wake up with an idea. Don't say before you sleep or it would give a crazy dream. Here he is thinking more cinematically and the story evolves.

Gertie the Dinosaur significance 1914 McCay

(1914) Earliest to depict a dinosaur. A domesticated creature performs for the camera as McCay instructs her to do various things, revealing that she is disobedient, as well as playful and unpredictable. When she interacts with a mammoth, she not only expresses fear, but also exacts revenge. Gertie being a character with an appealing personality. keyframes, registration marks, tracing paper, loops.

Why was a live action part was added to Gertie the Dinosaur?

. A live-action framing story was added when McCay's employer, William Randolph Hearst, interceded and ordered him to bring these performances to a halt, invoking an exclusivity clause in his contract. He can only do shows in New York City. The live action section that was added allowed the film to be played in any location as a one-reel film.

What does JR Bray realizes?

1. The conventional process means of producing animation must be discarded or modified (read about Taylorism) 2. He realizes he must abandon individual control over production and measure out the work to assistants that is create a division of labor 3. Protect the process by a patent. Animation could be monopoly by their improved techniques. 4. Improve means of distribution and marketing.

JR BRAY background

1914 Journalist by training and draftsman by talent. He was a cartoonist. With his wife, Margaret Bray's monetary support (interpreter), he decided to freelance as a cartoonist. In 1907, Bray's full page comic strip "Little Johnny and the Teddy Bears." It possesses him. He was out visiting a department store in NY. At this store, a motion picture film was exhibited. "The Teddy Bears." by Edwin S. Porter. Basically a Goldy Locke story. He sees teddy bear scene and want to learn film. Had a series of bad films.

How was Raoul Barre's studio?

1916: looking for cartoon strips properties to make cartoons and crew. A lot of famous young animator were interns here and passed by. He worked with Nolan who created the rubber-hose style of animation which features loose, rubbery body movements. Most of Barre's staff were lured away when William Randolph Hearst established the International Film Service (IFS) studio in 1915 and offered better pay.

The Tantalizing Fly 1920s

1920s Fleisher combine live action with animation incorporating their character "Koko the Clown." "The Tantalizing Fly 1919" produced by Bray. This was the first film with Koko the clown that shows artist and the cartoon clown trying to kill a fly. Artist draw Koko.

A Dream Walking 1934

1934 Popeyes the Sailor and Bluto wants to save Olive Oyl from falling due to sleepwalking. This was a big style change from Betty Boop. There is more perspective. Closely following model sheets. More elaborate layout. Work with z space. Showed Fleischer style including the mumbled, non-lip-synced utterances from various characters

Koko the Clown

921-1927 Series to Fleischer Studio/Koko the Clown; 1920s Fleisher combine live action with animation incorporating their character "Koko the Clown." They first did the person waving the flag test then they did the clown suit which later became Koko the Clown. He used his rotoscoping process in his Out of the Inkwell Series.

Trip to the Moon 1902 What is it about?

A group of travelers from Earth who are pursued by moon people "Selenites" in an adaption of the novel From the Earth to the Moon. A written narrative is read along the screenings.

What is Lotte Reiniger's Adventures of Prince Achmed about?

A sorcerer creates a magic horse to give to the caliph and in exchange he wanted to marry his daughter, Dinarsade. Achmed, the brother steps in and threatens the sorcerer. He gets tricked. He later meets Pari Banu, Aladdin who has a lamp and a witch who helps them. Oldest surviving animated feature film. Frame by silhouette animation. Sand for animation. Comedy, story arc with different acts.

Lotte Reiniger's Adventures of Prince Achmed significance. and themes

Adaption from One Thousand and One Nights Paper cutout and sand for shadow and light. This is the first animated feature by Lotte R. It used the ideas of orientalist. Technical (silhouette and unique movement character) Ideas (audience today vs audience then, ideas of female needing to be saved, racial hierarchy, African magician is put down).

Boop-Oop-A-Doop

Betty Boop worked at the circus as a lion tamer and tightrope walker. Koko the clown was an attraction as well. The ringmaster looks lustfully at Betty, and harasses Betty if she doesn't allow his advances at her. She sings Don't Take my Boop-Oop-A-Doop Away which stands for her virginity. Koko the Clown hears this and tries to save her. He was put in a cannon, but he was able to strike at the ringmaster.

Fred Moore

Biggest contribution was the tremendous appeal and charm that he gave his character. Softer rounded characters. Baby head proportion. Mickey became more rounded and dimensional.

Swing You Sinners! 1930

Bimbo " dog like" character- aim towards adults not like Disney who aimed for everyone. They used a lot of cycles and off model and loose because a lot of artist was not academically trained Everything moves to show a gag even if it doesn't make sense. Exhibits Fleischer Style "Rubber hose" There is surreal abstract content. Bimbo is seen late at night, trying to steal a chicken. After several attempts he accidentally grabs a policeman by the hand. As he tries to walk away as if nothing happened the chicken follows him anyway, as does the policeman. Eventually the chicken and its chicks flee, while Bimbo enters a cemetery. To his fear he finds out that the place is haunted, complete with ghosts and monsters who tell him that he will be punished for his sin. Throughout the rest of the film Bimbo is threatened and chased by them until a huge skull devours him.

Colonel Heeza Liar 1917

Bray create a mainstream character. Parody of Teddy Rosevelt. Long series which is his bread and butter.

Celluloid

Bray-Hurd Patent and copyright the Animation Cel Technique. Own the copyright from 1914-1932. Post 1932 enters public domain. Cels at the time made of cellulose nitrate. Highly flammable, couldn't stack more than 6. Drawing moving parts on clear celluloid sheets that are stacked over a background. This important labor saving process aided in the American animation industry. The use of cels meant that only the moving parts of an image had to be redrawn. Backgrounds can be seen.

Trip to the Moon 1902 effects? What are some ideas in it?

Camera tricks: stopped camera effects, miniature models. cross dissolve, jump cuts, zoom in, intricate background. Staged on multiple sets which had tone edited after which few films did. He acted in it. Costumes, aerobats, explosions, crowded stage, didn't forget out closeup yet, sexuality, idea of savages (aliens), colonizers and the colonized. Europe go to Asia and Africa obtaining land, treating others as inferior. Fascination with science Jules Verns or Burns. Fantasy because they haven't figure out the science yet.

What put out business Emile Reynaud's Theater Optics.

Cinematographe at Salon Indien du Grand Cafe in Paris December 28, 1895. Salon Indien: Chairs and projector screen.

The Old Mill 1937

Colors got better, more cinematography, great effects, premiere of their multiplane camera built by William Garity to create dimensioning cel-animated productions. Pacing and editing, great cuts. By this time, Disney was on his own league. Ideas of staging came in (didn't know it back then, but they were using the rule of thirds). All character is beautifully framed. The camera goes from Down to up the mill and in end, it moves back from the top to the bottom. Mood storytelling. Incredible illusion of depth (the multilane camera) We see great depth when the camera pan up from the two birds to the owl.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

Created by Disney. Other companies are stiff and comic striplike. Theirs was more alive. Now Charles Mintz to deliver 28 shorts featuring Oswald. However Disney does not own the right to Oswald. In secret, Mintz poaches many of the Disney's animator except Iwerk. Oswald is taken entirely from Disney and goes to Walter Lantz to produce.

What was Raoul Barre credited for?

Credited for creating the first animation studio (not organized). & peg registration system. Putting images through a peg bar and paper that was punched with holes fitting onto it. Also invented the slash and tear system (it is an alternative to cells. Characters on one layer, background is on another layer, cut out character and registration system, cut it out and put in on background so don't have to pay Bray-Hurd Process Company.

Who was Earl Hurd? And what did he contribute?

Developer of the cell animation process, an animator who join forces with JR Bray. They formed the Bray-Hurd Process Company securing patents in an attempt to dominate American production. Bray-Hurd Patent and copyright the Animation Cel Technique. Own the copyright from 1914-1932. Post 1932 enters public domain.

Newman Laugh-O-Grams 1921

Did lightning sketches, short film that was shown before main films, mix advertising with topical humor, short animations

Otto Messmer

Didn't know about cels. He redrawn it. Creator of Felix. Pat Sullivan (producer) and Otto (artist) has a great relationship. Pat was an alcoholic so Otto always had to fix everything. Paramount rename Master Tom from Feline Follies to Felix which means lucky. It was part of "Paramount Screen Magazine"

Frank Newman & Newman Theaters

Disney and Ubbe practice in his garage using borrowed equipment from Kansas City Star. They brought the film to Frank Newman (operator of Newman Theater in Kansas City) Contract to make 1 film a week.

Steamboat Willie 1928

Disney sketches Mickey on the train. He decides to design a cartoon that showcase synchronized sound. Recorded with Cinephone system(Pat Powers). This wasn't really tested. Disney was eager to use it. He kept the rights to Mickey. Pat Powers wanted to show Mid America, but Disney wanted to show New York. 1928: Debuts in the Colony Theater in NYC for 2 weeks. Afterwards offers for distributions rolls in. (Steamboat Willy). Synchronized sound cartoon design to showcase sound. appeal, change animation, clarity of action. did have old style of animation but first synchronized sound.

Laugh-O-Grams Inc.

Disney started a company at age of 22 called Laugh-O-Gram Film, Inc. Last film called Alice's Wonderland in 1923. Were able to produce 10 Laugh-O-Gram. Investors starts to fail so he pour everything into this film. It is about a live action girl getting into a cartoon. It was the most innovated.

Walt Disney (& contributions)

Disney started favored plot development, cinematic with respects to editing, camera movements, iris effects and point of view shots. He still relied on heavy cycles .

What was the difference between Disney and Fleischer's style?

Disney went from gag to narrative. Vaudeville was also waning. Fleischer, Bray and Sullivan were more New York style which had more risqué content. In the 1930s, Fleischer had constant gags, nonlinear narrative, improvised dialogue and rotoscope imagery. Disney, Iwerks were more west coast which is for the rural, small town and has good morals. There is a race between Disney and Fleischers to implement new technologies in film including color, sound and three-dimensionality. When Fleischers used cels, they paid attention to the studio's background and gray scale. Fleishcers used Cinecolor in their "Color Classic" films. Cinecolor were limited to red, blue and shades of brown. For sound, Fleischers had Ko-ko Song CarTunes, Screen Sons, Talkartoons(synchronized dialogue that was recored after animation, this method allow the voice performers to add their impromptu dialogue sometimes in a sort of mumble. Disney had Silly Symphonies. Fleischers were popular with audience world wide due to their adult themes.

What did Melies pioneered?

Double exposure; Another notable sequence in the film, the plunge of the capsule into real ocean waves filmed on location, was created through multiple exposure, with a shot of the capsule falling in front of a black background superimposed upon the footage of the ocean.

The Sinking of the Lusitania: (1918) signficance?

During this time, hundreds of lives lost Lusitania, WWI. Drew US into war in 1917. Saw it as German cowardice. McCay was affected by this. He wanted to recreate the scene (the torpedoing of the British passenger ship RMS Lusitania by German U-boat in 1915)for people to see. 2 years he recreated this. He released the film in 1918. Film was released 22 months after. This inspires people to want to defect axis power. This film showed exaggeration and smoke. 15 minutes scene and it elicit response as duties he had to first film not shown like other film. Great renderings of the ship sailing under dramatic skies; the silhouetted vessel contrasting with the high, high, crashing waves; the underwater attack of the torpedoes; the descent of the ship into the ocean; the fate of the many passengers who were cast into the sea, left to perish in the freezing water. Diagonal movements emerging from deep in the frame showing perspective shots. He didn't draw it on paper. Instead, he used clear celluloid drawing sheets. This helped him create waves. This become a vital to the animation production in America.

What did Thomas Edison create? What was the Black Maria?

Edison Company patent the kinetoscope. Invented the motion picture camera, cars. The Black Maria is a budgey film studio and the first sound stage for kinetoscope. It can hold the lazy Susan. It can let in natural light and be enclose in black to keep light where it is needed.

Kinetoscope

Edison produces first 25 kinetoscopes in 1893-94. Film related machines. An early motion-picture device in which the images were viewed through a peephole. Individual viewer for motion pictures and Kinetograph which is a camera

Felix the Cat significance

Felix was the first cartoon character created and developed for the screen, as well as the first to become a licensed mass merchandised character. He was the most iconic figure of the Jazz Age 1920s. The character clearly reflects the persona of the internationally famous comedian Charlie Chaplin, known for swinging a cane and wobbling about. He also has the ability to metamorphose into any shape. The content of Felix the Cat often reflects contemporary social issues.

The significance of his following films: Little Nemo 1911

First McCay animated film. Composed of 2 parts, a brief animated section and a live action narrative frame that lengthens the piece to fit the standard one-reel running time of the day. The live action was directed by Blackton at Vitagraph. McCay bet his friends that he can make his characters move by created thousands of drawings in one month. He provided an example of the self-figurative tendency of early animation. At the end of the film, there is a brief scene where Nemo and his friends stretch and move about in a sophisticated way. Viewers are instructed to "Watch me Move." registration marks. His characters don't necessary tell a story only move. Showed exaggeration of the amount of paper and ink is used.

What is Emile Cohl & Fantasmagorie 1908 about?

First animated cartoon. Drew black lines on white paper and then reversed the print to get white lines on black paper. This begins and ends with his hand bringing to life a line drawn clown. It is like a stream of consciousness. 700 drawings on sheets of paper photographed separately. The film largely consists of a stick man moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower which becomes an elephant. There are also sections of live action where the animator's hands enter the scene. The main character is drawn by the artist's hand on camera, and the main characters are a clown and a gentleman. Other characters include a woman in a film theater wearing a large hat with gigantic feathers which keeps morphing.

Dizzy Dishes

First appearance of a Bimbo cartoon in Dizzy Dishes 1930. The cartoon begins with four anthropomorphic flapper cats singing "Crazy Town". Chef Bimbo waits on a hungry gorilla and then goes to the kitchen to prepare the order, roast duck. When he is about to bring it to the gorilla's table, he sees Betty Boop performing on stage and falls in love at first sight. He forgets about the hungry gorilla and dances on stage with the duck. The gorilla, furious, goes after Bimbo, who escapes on a wooden train.

Bray Productions:

First factory, setting the pattern for great Hollywood Studio and Saturday morning television houses. Animation is stiff, mouth open and clothes. Earl Hurd joined Bray in the mid-1910s. Bringing his series called "Bobby Bumps." They then both form the Bray-Hurd Process Company securing various patents to dominate American production. Bray Productions made films for Pathe and also contracts producing short animated films with Famous Players (later called Paramount)

Thomas Edison & the Motion Picture's Patents Company (MPPC)

Found that the Film business are relatively disorganized and competitive. No standard for film, camera, or protection for product. In US, Edison centralized the industry by forming the Motion Pictures Patent Company (MPPC) in 1908, in alliance with other leading US and French films firms like George Melies. He wanted people to use his invention when making film rather inventing a new one. Standardized the technology and pooled patent, effectively shutting out the competition. As a result, the American film industry become much stronger. A much stronger contender internationally as it moved in the 1910s. People went through Edison for technology. He proved to a monopoly, so it dissolved. Emerging artist wanted long format stories rather than just 10 minutes. Pro: standardized cost of materials and distribution; Con: monopoly

What did Emile Cohl do at the Gaumont? and then the Patfei? Who is he and what happened at the end?

French cartoonist and writer who began as a caricaturist later became a writer for Gaumont film company. He experimented with lined drawings and silhouettes. At Gaumont Studio, he exposed how tricks film were made because he saw good publicity on how it happen. Melies pleaded not to expose it. Wrote several "feeries" wrote for Gaumont. Cohl is surreal, very playful. He completed more than 250 film. In late, he was stricken with poverty. He was not paid enough and persuaded to other production company Patfei. Don't pay him enough again. He miss Paris and goes back. His work into flames because cells were combustive. He didn't regain notoriety as he used to when he go back to Paris.

What did Emile Cohl first create?

French film makers ask Cohl to write a cartoon. Early of his kind, characters start to reappear. He had to figure it out himself. Created almost 100 of them. Also did stop motion, animated effects in live-action films, puppet animation and hinged cutouts.

The Enchanted Drawing 1900 What is J. Stuart Blackton techniques?

He did experiments such as stop camera and replaced film, stopped-camera substitutions, stop-motion, drawn animation. Trick films (stop exposure and change it, special effect. He sketched in front of people in Vodveil theater, lightning sketch art. He changed the expectation of what the drawing would be.

Humorous Phases of Funny Faces: J. Stuart Blackton 1906. What is it about?

He did more close ups rather than wide shots. More animation in character drawings, cut out stop motion. He wind the film. There is a little more story by showing relationships between character and scene transition. His hand is shown but then disappears and female is shown rendered by animated line. This sequence is cited as the first example of drawn animation created using multiple drawings.

The Enchanted Drawing 1900 What is it about and J. Stuart Blackton techniques

He drew funny faces, made wine, cup, appear like magic. It represented the lightning sketch (a format carried over from music hall in which an artist stands at a drawing board and transforms images with a few deft strokes at lightning speed) where artist is in the film. He would be the warmup art to Albert Smith. He credited Thomas Edison because he liked Blackton and ask him to make a film with him.

Ladislas Starevich

He is a stop motion animator using bugs. They called his films "puppet films" Director of Museum of Natural History specializing in bugs in Lithuania

Winsor McCay (1867-1934). background

He is an American Illustrator, cartoonist, self-taught animator. Known as Godfather of Animation. Always interested in art, no formal art training until he met a guy who introduced him to formal introduction. He worked at a dime museum (freakshow, greatest showman, era of the circus and fanatics) He created portraits. He worked quickly and accurately which allowed him to have a good living. Became a comic artist. Cartoon during this time was boxy, not too exaggerated. Worked at New York Herald

Georges Melies Background

He is an illusionist and filmmaker and certified magician. He is the son of a successful shoemaker family. As a teen, after father died, sold his part of factory, had some money, marry wealthy woman. Then later falls in love with an actress of his film. Did over 520 films. His film was known to have woman's legs in it. Usually he would project these films first to draw people into audience.

Felix in Hollywood 1923

He is the underdog. Mischievous and more expression. Best cartoon in silent era. Has serious themes in these comedies. In the episode, Felix goes to Hollywood and meets Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart, Cecil B. DeMille, Will Hays, Snub Pollard & Ben Turpin

What happen with Georges Melies and Lumeire and what is he known as?

He wanted to buy cinematographie from Lumeire but was denied. After visiting and watching at the Lumeire's theater, he adapted his own devices similar to cinematographie. He order Eastman's film, individually punctured the spoctures of film. This shows us how much he wanted it. He had a narrator and live music to the film. "Father of Visual Effects"

Popeye the Sailor Man

He was a new character after Betty Boop lost sexual. They needed something safe. Fleischer adapted the popular comic Popeyes the Sailorman into a cartoon series. Elzie Segar introduced Popeyes in a 1929 comic strip.

Who is Eadweard Muybridge & what was his bet?

He was a photographer. He was a great photographer in the late 1800s. He had wires set to camera. Stanford ask him to settle bet. When horse is in full gallop, are all the hooves off the ground at the same time. In 1872, Muybridge photographed sequence of shots. This indicated that Stanford was right. To prove it to people because they didn't believe, He transferred the images to a glass disk, artist painted over it. Since it is a circle, he had to folded and capture at a wider angle. For his contribution to sequential photography, he known as "The Father of Motion Picture."

What was pirating like for Georges Melies?

He was so prolific that there was pirating, which causes him not to be prolific. He wanted to have the film techniques to be secrets. He lost smooch money because people resold his films. 520 films distributed internationally and were plagiarized and pirated. Not a lot of films survived because the French took over his company and melted his film into boots. Wrote a letter to the editors of Phono-Cinema Revve, "In Melies" letter, proposed a secrecy to film. Ask them something to sustain him.

Betty Boop

Helen Kane, singer and singing style inspiration for Betty Boop. Was a poodle style, poodle ears to earrings.

Who is JR Bray's rival?

His rival is The Raoul Barre Studio.

J. Stuart Blackton ( & contributions)

Immigrated from Great Britain at the age 10. He wrote and was a cartoonist for New York pages "New York World." Made regular stage appearance for Albert Smith, a producer, cameraman, and a magician. pioneers of motion pictures, he founded Vitagraph Studios. He was one of the first filmmakers to use the techniques of stop-motion and drawn animation, is considered a father of American animation.

Flowers and Trees 1932

Introduced Technicolor script (3 script process) Academy award. Made Technicolor popular. Colors have meaning. Showcase fire effects. Disney already in production. Black and white and he said to switch to color. Opportunity for color, Strategic placement of color. New life, Even the browns have 3 shadows, dimension, volume, shading. The main tree fighting the ugly tree to protect the girl tree. They all work together to put off the fire. This gives Disney 3 years exclusive color license with full palette instead of the two strip (gray, green, and orange tint).

What is Scientific Management (Taylorism)?

Introduced by theorist Frederick Winslow Taylor. Production vs one person, one film. Assembly line practice where you have a supervisor or manager taking charge over skilled workers VS Artisanal Animation Production (more quality) They can't keep up anymore. "Taylorism" untrained woman, children, cheap man of backbone of industry. JR. Bray's pipeline is organized. 4 man assigned to various roles. He adopted this because it was functional, faster and inspector bosses. He also hid the boss so that you never see Bray. He surpasses individuality. All need to adapt to the style.

Alice's Wonderland

Investors starts to fail so he pour everything into this film. It is about a live action girl getting into a cartoon. It was the most innovated. required a lot of planning.

Zoopraxiscope and signficance

It is a combination of magic lanterns and phenakistoscope which enabled the projection of images that had been painted on a circular disk (images traced from photographic studies) This allow Muybridge to use this to give talks while traveling. Muybridge's invention often using his own photograph studies to show sequential image, later has a career in the University of Pennsylvania capturing animals and motion studies.

Joseph Plateau's Phenakistoscope 1833

It is a disk with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion. You have to look through a slab to see movement. It uses only one side of a large, slotted disk. Images are lined up around its edge, separated by the slits. The viewer stands in front of a mirror, with the back of the disk facing towards him. By spinning it and looking through the slits, the viewer sees animated movement that occur in a cycle. It is like a "spindle viewer"

Horner's Zoetrope 1834

It is a variation of the Phenakistoscope; "wheel of life" It is a motion device that uses a series of images, printed on a strip of paper that is placed inside a spinning drum. When viewer looks through slits in the edge of the drum, he sees a continuous loop of motion.

Emile Reynaud's Optical Theater 1880s

It solved the problem that the Praxinoscope had because it was limited by the small number of visuals that could be shown. The Theatre Optique is a large scale Praxinoscope capable of projecting a long series of frames. Images were painted on gelatin squares suspended within leather bands (up to 700 images) which were routed through the projector and aligned with a mirrored surface using a series of spools. His performances were called Pantomimes Lumineuses. Prateau-mirror horse moving; Similar to the zoetrope except that, rather than looking through slits, viewers saw images reflected by a set of mirrors built around a central drum.

Who did McCay worked with?

Live action elements were directed by J. Blackton co-founder of Vitagraph Co. of America. Drew characters from the actual comic. First animated attempt. The huge ink and paper comments no how long it takes, look what I'm about to accomplish. Pull back curtain, show how it is done.

Lumiere Bros' Cinematographie

Louis and Auguste Lumiere France, inspired by Kinetoscope, figure out how to combine film recording and projection into single device. Operated with use of hand powered crank. Cinematographie photographed and projected film at 16 frames a season slower than Edison (48 per second)

Set Back Camera or Stereoscopic Rotary Process

Max Fleischer created this in response to Disney's multilane camera. 3D set that does not look down like Disney. It is upright shooting horizontally with painted backgrounds behind.

Old Man of the Mountain 1933

More adult theme. Betty Boop designed with childlike face and vomptuous body. People try to get at her virginity. Character doesn't have motivation and depth to it. Lion races down the mountain to warn the people about the Old Man. Betty Boop emerges from a guest house in order to find out what is going on. She passes several people fleeing from the Old Man, including a woman pushing a carriage with her triplets—who look suspiciously like the Old Man of the Mountain. Over twice as tall as Betty, the Old Man backs the girl into his cave and, as Betty fights off his advances, begins to sing with her a duet of "You Gotta Ho-De-Ho (To Get Along with Me) Betty loosens up and joins in, and the two begin to flirt with each other. They start to dance, and then the Old Man grabs at Betty who then runs for her life. Then the animals helps exact revenge.

How a Mosquito Operates 1912 signficance? McCay

Mosquito torments sleeping man. See cycle in the animation to save time and money and fill up the film reel. Live action performance go along with it. Mosquito is huge in order to creep the audience out. The mosquito tracks down the victim and draws blood from him in a calculated and ghoulish way. We start to see some character qualities in their action. Motivated movements. There was staging, drawing it relatively realistically, artistic reputation to sell it .

"The Cameraman's Revenge" 1912

Most popular; had detail, give them character, dragonfly was graceful. Beetle cheat on Mrs Beetle with Dragonfly. Mrs Beetle affair with grasshopper. Guy who likes dragonfly filmed Mr Beetle Affair. Mr Beetle and wife made up and went to the movies and saw the movie.

Margaret Winkler

Most successful animation distributor of the time." Felix the Cat & Out of the Inkwell, and Alice's Comedies. "Felix in Hollywood" 1923: He is the underdog. Mischievous and more expression. Best cartoon in silent era. Has serious themes in these comedies. Margaret took to editing the early Alice's Comedies herself. She has a heavy influence on the series.

Ubbe Iwerks

October 16, 1923: Walt and Roy Disney established Disney Brothers Studio at an office on Kingwell Avenue in Los Angeles. Ub Iwerks later joined as an animator. Walt's role was more creative while Roy handled the business side. Disney had no money except a loan of $40.

Paul Roget's Thaumatrope Thauma means miracle and Trope means turning direction.

Optical Technology. It is a disk containing pictures on both sides that is spun fast to create an effect of two images merging into one. EX: Bird and cage. Known as the wonder turner. You twist the string and then let it go and see the two images combine.

Carl Stalling

Organist and Composer for Disney

What proved Persistence of Vision? and how?

Paul Roget's Thaumatrope The retention of a visual image for a short period of time after the removal of the stimulus that produced it. Later the phenomenon that produces the illusion of movement when viewing motion pictures.

The evolution of the Fleischer studio "style"

Produced first sound cartoon but only BG noise, Disney did first synchronized sound. Max didn't always own copyright because of this, he can't license characters. Came up with Sing along device. Follow along the ball. Max brought the idea of inbetweener to help the animator. Dave worked on story and coming up with gags. Exhibits Fleischer Style "Rubber hose" Originally working at Bray's Studio it was very boring and lacked creativity or experimentation because Bray was very frugal in production allowing relatively only a few drawings for each film and monitored the supplies. This affected the aesthetic appearance of the work. Originally went for the rotoscoping which show great proportions and dimensions. Then they did more rubberhosing and nonsensical gags and stretches. Like the way Betty Boop mouth stretches in Dizzy Dishes.

Humorous Phases of Funny Faces: J. Stuart Blackton 1906. What is J. Stuart Blackton techniques?

Reversed footage is shown in a sequence that begins with an abstraction, moves to a blur, reveals a man and woman, and ends with the figures being undrawn. The clown looks like it was drawn-out its legs and arms are cutouts. Later the clown's leg and arm are depicted in chalk drawings. He then erases to prove it is chalk.

Magic Lantern Shows

Spectacles become popularized in the 1800s. It was parlor shows. Monks first saw it in 1600s, called it a satanist, so he proved it scientifically. This is the forerunner of slide projectors. Person who changes the slide, had to tell story like storyboard pitch. It was a good way to teach children how to behave.

What are the animation qualities in Little Nemo?

Squash and stretch to exaggerate, arc, solid drawing, staging, we see depth in field, perspective, blatant, experiment, figure out how they move. Personal artistic endeavor, had time and opportunity to explore art forms

Minnie the Moocher

Stars Betty Boop and Bimbo. Betty decides to run away from her parents after they insist her eat. She runs away with Bimbo and while walking away they wind up in a spooky area and hide in a hollow tree. A walrus appears and begins to dance and sing Minnie the Moocher which many ghost following along. They do scary things like place ghosts on electric chairs who still survive after the shock, and a cat feeding her kittens so much milk that they grow big immediately while the mother grows thin and dies. After singing the whole number, the ghosts chase Betty and Bimbo all the way back to Betty's home. The animation gotten better. There is rotoscoping for the Walrus. There is style shown here. Story is more linear, setup of her being treated bad. Solidified character design. More character, better lip sync.

Snow White 1933

Stars Betty Boop, Bimbo, and Callaway as Koko the Clown. It was about a princess who was driven into the forest pursued by her spiteful stepmother. Ko-ko and Bimbo served as the guards and was asked to kill her and in the end the story turns into a music promotion. There was constant movements from start to finish. Betty Boop sings to the queen about her magical looking glass, both head bobs to the music. The queen's head turns into two eggs in a frying pan. When Betty prepares to get her head chopped off, she weirdly sings "Always on the way, I can never play..." as her body and axe being sharpened move to the beat. Betty also somehow becomes a human snowball to transition from the forest to dwarves home. Then in the end, Ko-ko takes on the persona of Cab Calloway who is rotoscoped. Singing St. James Infirmary Blues. The story throughout was random and had many surprises. St James Intimacy Blues, Fleischer keeps getting popular, character was fun, blend top half to rotoscope bottom half.

What was "The Artist's Dream 1913" by JR Bray.

Stars: Bray as sketch artist. Margaret as the woman. Live action story of an artist who draws a dog and a set of drawers containing some sausages. When the artist leaves the room, the drawn dog becomes animated and retrieves the sausage. Dog ate too much, exploded. In the end, the artist is awakened and realizes that it was a dream. Bray took the negative of this film to Charles Pathe who was visiting the US. He remembered and he got so excited and wanted more. Signed a contract. Everything he can produce in a month. He signed a contract for an animated series about a little man who appears in situations that are hard to believe. 6 films in a 6 month.

Describe Melies theater?

Still a magician while a filmmaker and purchased a theater called Theatre Robert-Houdin in 1888, the predecessor to Harry Houdini. This theater was falling apart. Melies brought this theater for his act and film screenings, ate dinner, wrote films, perform at Houdini theater. Constructed his own set and distributed disown film. Known as "feeries" or fantasy films. Melies financed films. He financed wrote, starred, built the sets, directed, photographed in over 500 films. Melies company "Star Film" 1896 and his studio in Montreuil-sou-Bois. Sound stage were made of steel and glass. In his garden. Gets natural light.

What happens to the rights of Felix the Cat?

Sullivan then obtain the rights to Felix the Cat and he start to offer it to distributors. Later it got Margaret Winkler signed contract with Sullivan. Felix the Cat blew up. In 1922, Felix was widely merchandized with plush toys by Gund. In 1923, it became comic strip. He ended contract with Winkler in 1925 because he wanted more money, so he took the series to another distributor, Educational Films. Pat Sullivan's Felix the Cat fades away because he doesn't want to spend money on sound.

What is the significance of the artist's hand?

The appearance of the artist's hand in the film is significant as this visual became a motif of silent cinema "hand of the artist" It reminds the audience that an animator had magically brought the images to life.

Walt Disney background

They formed Ubbe-Disney which lasted a month. He liked to vaudeville nights (make up skits). Then went to "Kansas City Star" They made ads, slides and cartoon for moving pics.

"Little Nemo in Slumberland" (1905-1926) Hearst Publication. After the successes of his strips, he start to work at the New York Herald newspaper then Hearst newspapers. What do these frames tell us about McCay's drawing skills and sense of imagination?

This one really make McCay famous. It is not grounded by reality, becomes more surreal, not grounded. Imagination is beyond. Looks more animated. Use comic panels to enhance the story. He is also playing with perspective despite not knowing or ever seeing like showing top of houses. Imply sense of movement. His comics are considered great works of art for their detailed visual design and accomplished storytelling.

Praxinoscope

Two steps below Theater Optique. had because it was limited by the small number of visuals that could be shown.

Pat Sullivan background and contributions

Was an Australian who had various occupations before settling into animation. From 1911 to 1914, he worked for the New York cartoonist William Marriner, and he then joined Barre studio for about nine months. The opened his own studio in 1916-1917 and produced films for Pat Powers. In 1919, he went to Paramount which contributed to the "Paramount Screen Magazine" series. He hired Otto Messmer who created "Felix the Cat." Messmer was influenced by Winsor McCay and Emile Cohl's series "The Newlyweds."

Max Fleischer

animator, inventor, film director, producer.

Skeleton Dance

directed by Ub Iwerks. Stalling Ask Disney to adapt music to a graveyard. Premieres at the Carthay Circle Theater in Los Angeles in 1929. Good at improvising. Pat Powers wanted small place, Disney wanted somewhere big. No main character, mood piece, take advantage of the BG, the atmosphere, high jinx and gags. Last work of Ub Iwerks. Create with music in mind first. Skeletons danced in the graveyard roll into wheels, howling dogs that becomes impossibly thin and dueling cats who pull their long noses across the screen.

Dave Fleischer

directs, producer, sideshow clown at Coney Island.

The Three Little Pigs 1933

first realized character piece. Characters have personality. Message of optimism to the Great Depression. 3 similar characters with different personalities. It rises the stakes to top it. They were realized characters that is grounded to reality. Examples of personality animation and great performance. first short to show distinct personality with similar character design, depending on how they moved. Mannerism is more stiff for the brick pig. Featured tight sound and image correlation. The first pig's jig reflected the pace of the score. The fiddler pig similar to the first has the score matching the speed of his action as he hammers. The practical Pig, the beat is incongruous with his solid actions.

Trolley Troubles

first to Feature Oswald the Lucky Rabbit "Trolley Troubles": Other companies are stiff and comic striplike. Theirs was more alive.

The Multi-Plane Camera

premiere of their multiplane camera built by William Garity to create dimensioning cel-animated productions. The Old Mill 1937. Camera looks down

Hays Act/Motion Picture Production Code

strictly enforced around 1934; It was a set of industry moral guidelines. It spelt out what was acceptable and unacceptable content for motion picture produced for a public audience in the US. The Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association was created in 1922 to mediate complaints about film content and to offer filmmakers suggestions fro creating more wholesome content. Example: when babies revealed, it showed the babies's old man. When the crutch man saw Betty, she was cured. After the code, she is more conservative, they didn't let her wear backless clothing, and gave her a cute dog instead of boy friend. She also had a longer length skirt and fewer hip shakes and winks. More family oriented which then caused them to compete with Disney. The Hays code also regulated segregation of black characters from white females. After 1934, Cab Calloway's music is no longer featured in Betty Boop cartoons. More conservative, didn't want black characters to interact with white females. After that, no more Cab Calloway. Grim Natwick leaves for Disney. Max loses more people. Fleischer wanted rubber hose and Disney wants realism and academic art.

Out of the Inkwell 1918-1921

t Bray's Studios: Max brought the patent for the rotoscope process in which footage of a live performer is projected frame by frame onto paper and when traced formed the basis for drawings of animated characters. This was used in the Out of the Inkwell series.

"Feline Follies," 1919

unnamed Felix the Cat makes his debut. One episode was about 2 cat lovers and mice ruining the place and gets kicked out. Felix later finds out that he became a father. Felix was popular because he was well developed. He has adult sensibility as a heavy drinker, a womanizer prone to infidelity.

Song Car-Tunes: 1929-1932

used popular songs for these animations. Person with white ball moves through the words.