ANPS exam 3 LAB

A

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A. plasma membrane receptors B. cytoplasmic receptors C. cAMP D. protein kinases E. adenylate cyclase

C

What can be determined by the oxygen-hemoglobin curve (above)? A. the number of carbon dioxide molecules that are capable of binding to hemoglobin B. how many molecules of oxygen will bind to carbon dioxide in the blood C. the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at any given partial pressure of oxygen

C

Which muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity when they contract? A. diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles B. internal intercostal muscles and rectus abdominus (abdominal muscle) C. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

B

Which of the following describes the volume of air exhaled during passive breathing? A. expiratory reserve volume B. tidal volume C. vital capacity D. residual volume

B

Which of the following enzymes is important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signalling? A. adenylate cyclase B. phosphodiesterase C. G proteins D. AMP E. protein kinase

B

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? A. insulin B. cortisol C. epinephrine

C

lood becomes oxygenated, A. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. B. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. C. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. D. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. E. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.

B

The secretion of which of the following anterior pituitary hormones can be regulated by both a releasing hormone and a release-inhibiting hormone? A. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) B. growth hormone (GH) C. ACTH (corticotropin) D. thyrotropin (TSH)

pituitary

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands= _________ gland

B

The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure (Ppul - Pip). If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? A. lung volume will stay the same B. the lungs will collapse C. the lungs will inflate

D

The vestibular and vocal folds are found in the A. trachea B. nasal cavity C. pharynx D. larynx

D

During an allergic reaction which of the following would improve airflow through lung passageways (bronchioles)? A. histamine B. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity C. acetylcholine (ACh) D. epinephrine

C

During external respiration in the lungs, why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood to the alveolus? A. There is more CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the alveolus than in the blood. B. It is flowing up (against) its pressure gradient. C. It is flowing down (with) its pressure gradient. D. The PCO2 is lower in the blood than in the alveolus.

C

During inhalation, A. the diaphragm relaxes. B. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. C. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. D. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. E. air moves up the trachea.

D

During internal respiration in the tissues, which direction does carbon dioxide diffuse, and why? A. It moves from the blood into the tissues because there is more CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the tissues than in the blood. B. It moves from the blood into the tissues because the PCO2 in the blood entering the tissues (45 mm Hg) is higher than the PCO2 in the tissues. C. It moves from the tissues into the blood because it is flowing up (against) its pressure gradient (i.e from PCO2 of 40 mm Hg to 45 mm Hg). D. It moves from the tissues into the blood because it is flowing down (with) its pressure gradient.

D

Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______. A. as a result of type 1 diabetes B. when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded C. as a result of type 2 diabetes D. when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes

E

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? A. Bronchioles B. Nose C. Trachea D. Bronchi E. Alveoli

B

GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus and regulates the release of _____________________ from anterior pituitary cells. A. TSH (thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone) B. FSH and LH (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) C. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) D. GH or growth hormone

A

Hemoglobin A. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. B. is the site of cellular respiration. C. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. D. has five subunits. E. is found in blood plasma.

B

Higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood indicates __________________. A. type 1 diabetes mellitus B. type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus C. type 2 diabetes mellitus

C

How are foreign particles removed from alveoli? A. type I alveolar cells engulf them through endocytosis B. mucus traps particles in the alveoli C. alveolar macrophages engulf them through phagocytosis D. cilia move trapped particles from alveoli to bronchioles

A

How can you distinguish between a bronchus and a bronchiole in a histological image? A. Only bronchi have cartilage plates in their wall. B. Bronchi have very thin walls and are where gas exchange takes place. C. Bronchi don't have any cartilage,they only have smooth muscle fibers in their walls. D. Only bronchioles have cartilage plates in their walls.

C

How can you tell the anterior pituitary from the posterior pituitary in a schematic image? A. The anterior pituitary is always located on the left side of the image. B. The anterior pituitary image shows long axons extending through the infundibulum to release their hormones into a capillary bed. C. The anterior pituitary image shows two capillary beds connected by portal veins. D. The anterior pituitary is always on the right side of the image.

A

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? A. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. B. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. C. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. D. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. E. Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

A

How many O2 molecules are bound to hemoglobin when it is 75% saturated? A. 3 B. 2 C. 75 D. 1

A

How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are there in the lungs? A. five B. 500 C. 2 D. 20

C

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism? A thyroid hormones (TH) B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. growth hormone (GH) D. aldosterone

A

If a foreign object is aspirated into the lung, and manages to enter the trachea without obstructing it, where will it likely end up? (Hint: think of the bifurcation of the trachea.) A. In the right lung B. In the left lung

A

If one lung collapses due to pneumothorax, does the second lung collapse also, and why or why not? A. No, only one lung collapses because each lung is surrounded by its own pleural cavity and pleural membranes. B. Yes, both lungs collapse because the air from the collapsed lung pulls the air from the second lung. C. Yes, both lungs collapse because the pleural membranes surround both lungs together and they are surrounded by a single pleural cavity.

C

If type II alveoli do not secrete surfactant, A. alveoli are easier to inflate. B. lung compliance is high. C. lung compliance is low. D. resistance of airways is greater.

C

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? A. alveolar macrophages B. endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries C. type II alveolar cells D. type I alveolar cells

B

What stimulates hemoglobin to unload its oxygen? A. high altitude B. a lower PO2 C. sea level D. a higher PO2 

D

What stops parathyroid hormone secretion? A. blood glucose levels decrease B. blood glucose levels increase C. blood calcium levels decrease D. blood calcium levels increase

C

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? A. simple cuboidal epithelium B. stratified squamous epithelium C. simple squamous epithelium D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B

What type of epithelium is the "respiratory epithelium"? A. simple squamous epithelium B. pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells C. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

B

When blood glucose levels are high A. The pancreas releases glucagon. B. The pancreas releases insulin. C. The pancreas releases glucose. D. The liver releases insulin. E. The liver releases glucagon.

C

When blood glucose levels are low A. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. B. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. C. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. E. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.

A

When smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchioles contract A. resistance of the airways increases and airflow decreases. B. resistance of the airways increases and airflow increases. C. resistance of the airways decreases and airflow increases. D. resistance of the airways decreases and airflow decreases.

D

Where are the parathyroid glands located? A. In the central part of the adrenal gland. B. It is a butterfly shaped gland, in the neck, just inferior to the larynx. C. On the superior edge of the kidneys. D. In the neck, on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

Where is oxytocin produced? A. hypothalamus B. posterior pituitary C. mammary gland D. uterus

B

Where is the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube (or auditory tube) which helps to equalize air pressure from the middle ear cavity? A. oropharynx B. nasopharynx C. laryngopharynx

A

Which ONE of the following statements about gas pressures at high altitude is TRUE? A. Atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitude. B. The percentage of oxygen in the air is decreased at high altitude. C. PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) is higher (at high altitude) than at sea level. D. At high elevations there are more oxygen molecules available in the atmospheric air.

A

Which alveolar cell is responsible for producing surfactant? A. Type II alveolar cell B. Alveolar macrophage C. Type I alveolar cell D. Dust cell E. Endothelial cell

A

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords? A. arytenoid cartilage B. cricoid cartilage C. epiglottis D. thyroid cartilage

B

Which cells produce thyroid hormone (TH)? A. parafollicular cells B. follicular cells C. chief cells D. beta cells

A

Which cells release calcium from bone? A. osteoclasts B. follicular cells C. chief cells D. osteoblasts

D

Which condition is likely to lead to a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A. low pH B. increased exercise C. metabolically active tissues D. hypothermia (low body temperature)

B

Which hormone is required for the full adult height of the skeleton? A. prolactin B. growth hormone C. ACTH D. vasopressin (ADH)

D

Which hormone is the MOST important for regulating blood calcium levels? A. Insulin B. Calcitonin C. Thyroid hormone D. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

C

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose (stored glucose)? A. insulin B. plant starch C. glucagon D. glycogen

D

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? A. ACTH and TSH B. growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) C. cortisol and thyroid hormone D. oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

A

Which layer of pleura covers the diaphragm? A. parietal pleura B. visceral pleura

D

Which list shows the correct sequence air travels to get from the nasal cavity to the trachea? A. nasal cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea B. nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, trachea C. nasal cavity, larynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, trachea D. nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea

A

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of neural tissue instead of glandular tissue? A. posterior pituitary B. adenohypophysis C. anterior pituitary D. hypothalamus

C

Which muscles are involved in forced expiration? A. external and internal intercostal muscles B. external intercostal muscles and diaphragm C. internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles D. No contraction of muscles are necessary because forced expiration is a passive process

A

Movement of the structure labeled "A" in the diagram above causes pressure changes within the lungs and thoracic cavity. What is the structure labeled "A"? A. diaphragm B. parietal pleura C. visceral pleura D. pleural cavity

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by all of the following EXCEPT: A. inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and the activity of calcitriol B. enhances reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys C. stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bones D. promotes activation of calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D, which increases absorption of calcium in the intestines

B

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) would be expected to be lowest in A. alveoli B. metabolically active tissues C. resting tissues D. pulmonary veins leaving the lungs

parathryoid

Primary regulators of blood calcium levels= ______________ glands

pancreas

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

thyroid

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones= _____________ gland

B

Respiratory epithelium can be found in all of the following respiratory structures EXCEPT: A. bronchi B. alveolar ducts C. nasal cavity D. trachea

C

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) is released from the A. anterior pituitary B. thyroid gland C. hypothalamus D. posterior pituitary

E

All of the following are found in the nasal cavity EXCEPT: A. vestibule B. respiratory epithelium C. olfactory epithelium D. goblet cells E. vestibular folds F. superior, middle and inferior conchae

C

All of the following are roles of thyroid hormone EXCEPT: A. regulation of metabolic rate and temperature control B. promotion of growth and development C. stimulating storage of glucose D. synergism with sympathetic nervous system

C

A liver cell responds to insulin by A. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. B. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. C. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. D. Releasing glucagon. E. Releasing insulin.

B

What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects? A. hypothalamus B. cells of the body C. anterior pituitary D. thyroid

A

A major role of cortisol is to A. regulate the immune system and facilitate the stress response. B. regulate metabolic rate. C. maintain electrolyte balance. D. regulate blood calcium levels.

B (released from chief cells of parathyroid glands= inputs. surface of thryroid gland)

All of the following are secreted from the thyroid gland EXCEPT: A. thyroid hormone B. parathyroid hormone C. calcitonin D. T3 and T4

A

All of the following hormones are released from anterior pituitary cells EXCEPT: A. oxytocin (OXY) B. prolactin (PRL) C. growth hormone (GH) D. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) E. thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? A. chaperone proteins (chaperonins) B. Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. C. transcription factors

D

All of the following increase lung compliance EXCEPT: A. elastic fibers in the wall of the alveoli. B. surfactant coating the alveoli. C. decreased surface tension in the alveoli. D. fibrosis, or increased connective tissue in the walls of the lung tissue.

A

Body cells that respond to insulin include A. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. B. Liver cells and muscle cells only. C. Liver cells only. D. Muscle cells only. E. Intestinal cells only.

D

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, stimulates the release of _______________ from the __________________. A. thyroid hormone; thyroid gland B. oxytocin; posterior pituitary C. growth hormone; liver D. cortisol (glucocorticoids); adrenal cortex

C

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? A. phosphorylates a protein B. activates a protein kinase C. acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene D. directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome

2; 1; higher

- type __ diabetes= target cells do not respond normally to insulin. - type __ diabetes= no insulin is produced. - Both types of diabetes= glucose levels remain _________ than normal.

D

All of the following respiratory system organs are correctly matched with their epithelium EXCEPT: A. paranasal sinuses - respiratory epithelium B. trachea - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C. laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium D. oropharynx - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

B

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A. Respiratory bronchioles are part of the respiratory zone and terminal bronchioles are part of the conducting zone. B. The respiratory zone structures are located in the nasal cavity. C. The respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange. D. The conducting zone structures cleanse, warm and humidify the air.

C

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A. The purpose of the upper respiratory passageways is to cleanse, warm and humidify air. B. The paranasal sinuses are named for the skull bones in which they are located. C. The pharyngeal tonsils are located in the laryngopharynx. D. The paranasal sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium and drain through openings into the nasal cavity.

C

All of the following statements are true about the structure of the trachea EXCEPT: A. Air flows from the larynx into the trachea on its way to the lung. B. It has C-shaped rings of cartilage that provide support. C. The epithelium is nonkeratinized stratified squamous like the esophagus. D. The ends of the cartilage rings are connected by smooth muscle fibers called the trachealis muscle.

C

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) causes the release of ____________________________ . A. thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. B. cortisol from the adrenal cortex. C. ACTH from the anterior pituitary. D. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary.

C

Calculate the intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling). A. 4 millimeters of mercury B. 0 millimeters of mercury C. 761 millimeters of mercury D. 765 millimeters of mercury

D

Cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete A. ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). B. the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. C. the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. D. the glucocorticoid cortisol.

D

In the following group of statements all are true except one. Which ONE of the following statements is FALSE? A. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. B. The partial pressures of the gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and water) that make up air add up to 760 mm Hg. C. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases made up of: N2, O2, CO2, and H2O (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water). D. The gas that represents the highest percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen, at 20.9%.

A

In this experiment, optical density is measured using a A. spectrophotometer B. thermocycler C. microscope D. caliper

B

In today's experiment, what was the purpose of adding heparin to the test tube? A. to dissolve cell membranes B. to prevent blood clots C. to dissolve proteins D. to dissolve glucose

C

The above image of lung tissue contains examples of all of the following structures EXCEPT: A. red blood cells B. respiratory membrane C. respiratory bronchioles D. alveoli

A

The adrenal gland(s) is/are located A. attached to the superior pole of the kidneys. B. on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. C. in the neck, just inferior to the larynx. D. between the duodenum and the spleen.

terminals

The axon __________ of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

A

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called A. homeostasis. B. positive feedback. C. negative feedback. D. diabetes. E. None of the above.

D

The clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas are known as the pancreatic islets, or Islets of Langerhans. Which is the cell type that secretes insulin? A. Duct cells B. Alpha cells C. Acinar cells D. Beta cells

C

The disease diabetes mellitus is caused by either the hyposecretion or the hypoactivity of which hormone? A. cortisol B. glucagon C. insulin D. thyroid hormone

B

The epithelium that lines the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and trachea is known as the "respiratory epithelium". The type of type of epithelium that makes up the typical respiratory epithelium is A. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium B. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium D. simple squamous epithelium

A

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________. A. hilum B. cardiac notch C. base D. apex

E

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A. plasma membrane receptors B. phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm C. adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane D. water-soluble hormone in the blood E. cAMP in the cytoplasm

C

The minute ventilation is A. the amount of air left in the lungs after 1 minute. B. the amount of air forcefully inhaled in 1 minute. C. calculated by multiplying the rate of respiration by tidal volume (TV). D. the amount of air forcefully inhaled in 1 minute.

D

The outer part of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. The cells of the adrenal cortex are arranged into three zones that secrete steroid hormones called corticosteroid hormones or corticosterones. All of the following hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex EXCEPT: A. the androgens (male sex hormones) B. the glucocorticoid, cortisol C. the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone D. the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine

D

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions? A. larynx B. laryngopharynx C. nasopharynx D. oropharynx

C

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the A. follicle B. hormone receptor C. infundibulum D. portal system

D

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? A. glottis B. thyroid cartilage C. vocal folds D. epiglottis

C

What causes intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) to fall below atmospheric pressure (Patm)? A. A decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity during expiration. B. Forced contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles. C. An increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration. D. An increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity during expiration.

D

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. B. Muscle cells. C. Intestinal cells. D. Liver cells. E. Cells in the pancreas.

A

What determines how much oxygen can dissolve in the blood? A. the partial pressure of oxygen and how soluble oxygen is in blood B. the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and how soluble carbon dioxide is in blood C. the partial pressure of oxygen D. the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

D

What determines the direction a gas will flow during either internal or external respiration? A. The compliance of the lungs. B. Whether the gas is oxygen or carbon dioxide. C. The speed of the blood flow. D. Its pressure gradient.

A

What determines whether a respiratory system structure is part of the respiratory zone, and not part of the conducting zone? A. the presence of alveoli B. the presence of the respiratory epithelium C. the presence of cilia D. the presence of cartilage

D

What does "cooperative binding" mean? A. Oxygen and carbon dioxide "cooperate" with each other, in that they are transported together on the same hemoglobin molecule. B. The hemoglobin molecule can carry more iron containing heme groups (up to 8) when oxygen is bound. C. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as its saturation decreases (as less oxygen is bound). D. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as it's saturation increases (as more oxygen is bound).

D

What gland secretes growth hormone? A. posterior pituitary B. thyroid gland C. adrenal cortex D. anterior pituitary

A

What happens to Ppul (relative to Patm) during expiration? A. Ppul becomes greater than Patm, so air flows out of the lungs B. Ppul becomes less than Patm, so air flows out of the lungs. C. Ppul and Patm are exactly the same, so air flows into the lungs. D. Ppul and Patm are exactly the same, so air flows out of the lungs.

D

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary helps to maintain water balance by preventing loss of water in the kidney? A. oxytocin B. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. cortisol D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

What is Boyle's law? A. The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. B. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas. C. The amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility.

B

What is Dalton's Law? A. The amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas. B. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas. C. The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

A

What is Henry's Law? A. The amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas. B. The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. C. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas.

D

What is TRUE about contraction of the diaphragm? A. Contraction moves the muscle superiorly and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. B. Contraction moves the muscle inferiorly and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. C. Contraction moves the muscle superiorly and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. D. Contraction moves the muscle inferiorly and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

D

What is TRUE about external respiration? A. It occurs in the tissues. B. Oxygen flows from the blood into the alveoli and carbon dioxide flows from the alveoli into the blood. C. Oxygen flows from the tissues into the blood and carbon dioxide flows from the blood into the tissue cells. D. It occurs in the lungs.

A

What is TRUE about internal respiration? A. In the tissues, oxygen flows from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide flows from the tissue cells into the blood. B. Oxygen flows from the tissues into the blood and carbon dioxide flows from the blood into the tissue cells. C. Oxygen flows from the blood into the alveoli and carbon dioxide flows from the alveoli into the blood. D. It occurs in the lungs.

B

What is a bronchopulmonary segment of the lung? A. It is the part of the lung served by a secondary or lobar bronchus. B. A section of the lung that is served by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus and is surrounded by connective tissue. C. It is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. D. It is the part of the lung next to the diaphragm. E. It is where the pulmonary artery, vein and primary bronchus enter the medial side of the lung.

B

What is pneumothorax? A. When air enters the alveoli. B. When air enters the pleural cavity. C. When type II alveolar cells don't make enough surfactant and alveoli collapse. D. When oxygen crosses the respiratory membrane and enters red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled.

D

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla? A. prolactin B. ACTH or adrenocorticotropin C. the glucocorticoid cortisol D. the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine E. insulin and glucagon

C

What is the approximate thickness of the normal respiratory membrane across which gas exchange occurs? A. 0.5 mm B. 1 mm C. 0.5 um D. 30 um

D

What is the carina? A. The superior tip of the lung B. The medial surface of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter C. Where the conducting zone meets the respiratory zone D. A ridge where the trachea divides into the two primary bronchi

A

What space is indicated by the arrow labeled "D"? A. Pleural cavity B. Alveolar space C. Thoracic cavity D. Mediastinum

C

What is the difference between Total Lung Capacity (TLC) and Vital Capacity (VC)? A. Total lung capacity includes tidal volume; vital capacity does not include tidal volume. B. Vital capacity includes residual volume; Total lung capacity does not include residual volume. C. Total lung capacity includes residual volume; vital capacity does not include residual volume. D. Vital capacity includes tidal volume; total lung capacity does not include tidal volume.

C

What is the driving force for the movement of air into the lungs? A. the diffusion of gases across the cell membrane B. resistance generated in blood vessels C. the pressure gradient D. the pumping of the heart

A

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? A. activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell B. increasing protein kinases C. phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

A

What is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute? A. 5000 milliliters per minute B. 36,000 milliliters per minute C. 48,000 milliliters per minute D. 60,000 milliliters per minute

A

What is the most common way that oxygen (O2) is transported in the blood? A. attached to hemoglobin B. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma C. dissolved in the plasma

B

What is the name of the opening between the vocal folds? A. arytenoids B. glottis C. vestibular folds D. epiglottis

C

What is the name of the serous membrane sac that surrounds each lung? A. peritoneum B. pericardium C. pleura D. mediastinum

D

What is the name of the small pyramid shaped cartilages that are attached to the vocal ligments of the true vocal cords and help them move in response to skeletal muscle contraction? A. cricoid cartilage B. epiglottis C. thyroid cartilage D. arytenoid cartilages

A

What is the name of the very thin structure where gas exchange occurs between the air space and the blood capillary? A. respiratory membrane B. respiratory epithelium C. surfactant D. endothelial cell

D

What is the purpose of surfactant? A. it makes it easier for oxygen to diffuse across the respiratory membrane B. it prevents inflammation in the alveolar walls C. it is a bacteriocidal substance that kills bacteria D. it decreases surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing

E

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer. A. Activate adenylate cyclase. B. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. C. Degrade cAMP to AMP. D. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. E. Phosphorylate proteins.

A

What is the role of insulin? A. reduce blood sugar levels B. release glucose from cells C. breakdown glycogen into glucose D. raise blood sugar levels

A

What is the role of the adrenal medulla? A. It facilitates the sympathetic nervous system "fight and flight" response. B. It facilitates the parasympathetic nervous system "rest and digest" response. C. It regulates sleep cycles. D. It regulates metabolic rate and temperature control.

A

What is the role of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone? A. It regulates electrolyte balance by causing sodium retention in the kidney. B. It increases blood calcium levels. C. It reduces levels of glucose in the blood. D. It facilitates the stress response.

C

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? A. reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air B. increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air C. routing air and food into proper channels D. filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation

C

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur? A. Ppul = Patm B. Ppul > Patm C. Ppul < Patm D. Ppul < Pip

C

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? A. intrapulmonary pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. intrapleural pressure D. transpulmonary pressure

D

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? A. intrapleural pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. transpulmonary pressure D. intrapulmonary pressure

C

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear? A. larynx B. oropharynx C. nasopharynx D. laryngopharynx

C

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, by pulling the rib cage out and up. B. According to Boyle's Law, contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles will increase the pressure within the thoracic cavity. C. Quiet expiration is due to relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. D. The diaphragm is not necessary for quiet inspiration because this is a passive process.

D

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? A. eating a large meal B. release of insulin C. hyperglycemia D. a decrease in blood glucose levels

B

Which of these cells would be most effective in the ingestion and disposal of microorganisms that may enter the alveoli? A. type II alveolar cells B. alveolar macrophages C. lymphocytes in blood circulating through the lungs D. type I alveolar cells

C

Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway? A. tracheal cartilage B. thyroid cartilage C. cricoid cartilage D. hyoid bone

A

Which part of the respiratory passageway has C-shaped cartilage rings that make up part of the wall? A. trachea B. bronchioles C. bronchi

D

Which phrase describes compliance? A. Attraction of water molecules for each other. B. Pressure difference between pleural cavity and alveolar space. C. Opposition to airflow D. How easy it is to expand the lungs

D

Which pressure is indicated by the arrow labeled "B"? A. intrapleural pressure, or Pip B. atmospheric pressure, or Patm C. transpulmonary pressure D. intrapulmonary pressure, or Ppul

A

Which pressure is indicated by the arrow labeled "C"? A. intrapleural pressure, or Pip B. transpulmonary pressure C. intrapulmonary pressure, or Ppul D. atmospheric pressure, or Patm

A

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? A. intrapleural pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. intrapulmonary pressure

A

Which statement is correct? A. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. B. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. C. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. D. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. E. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.

C

Which structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. concha B. vocal fold C. epiglottis D. uvula

B

Which type of cell produces mucus? A. ciliated cells B. goblet cells C. simple squamous cells D. pseudostratified columnar cells

B

Which volumes are combined to determine the inspiratory capacity? A. tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) B. tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) C. tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) D. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV)

B

Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung? A. The right lung has 3 secondary bronchi and the left lung has only 2 secondary bronchi. B. Because the apex of the heart is slightly to the left and causes a concavity in the medial aspect of the left lung. C. The liver is on the left side of body and pushes up against the left lung, making it smaller. D. Because the right primary bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical, more air flows into the right lung and that makes the left lung smaller.