Ant 160 UK FINAL EXAM

Deforestation, loss of traditional practices, and loss of territory.

"Arrows against the Wind": What are three changes that have occurred among the Dani as a result of globalization?

1. Shahadah (confession of faith). 2. Salat ( ritual prayer five times per day). 3. Zakat (giving alms to the poor). 4. Sawn (fasting during Ramadan). 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to mecca at least once during the believers lifetime to visit the Kabba.)

5 pillars of islam

-Society type: Tribe people who are closely related. -Subsistence: Farming, Horticulturalist. -Territoriality: Fight battles, guard towers, defined boundaries, no mans land. -yes they believe in ghost

Dead Birds Video: describe the Dani people of New Guinea in terms of: -society type -subsistence -territoriality -What type of warfare do they practice? -Do they believe in ghosts?

Territoriality:

Defense of territory Chinese society

Ethnicity:

Ethnic group Identity based on the members idea and common history and location i.e. latino

including the Bosniaks, and to a minor extent Gorani, Pomaks and Macedonian Muslims.

Ethnicity of Muslims

-Polytheism: belief in multiple Gods - 1.Artha (Achievement), 2.Kama (Pleasure), 3.Dharma (caste or rank), 4.Brama (Ultimate goal) -stages of life: 1.student 2. housekeeper 3. meditator 4. old age -3 main gods: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preservation), Shiva (regeneration).

Hindu Traditions Video: -What is polytheism? -What are the goals or pursuits listed in the film? -What are the four stages of life? -What are the three main Gods discussed?

- 3 Types of prod: 1. Service 2. Industry 3. Agriculture: cultivation of food and livestock. -3 things that define economic activities: 1. Topography 2 climate 3. Natural resources of the land -Technology: tools, machines, and other devices that aid in the process of production. -People who have control over production or government. those whose products and services are in high demand and people who own natural resources.

How to study a culture video: -Three types of production: -Economic activities are defined by what 3 things: -what is technology? -Who generally has the most wealth?

1. Breakdown of kinship structures 2. Development of private property vs. communal property 3. Stress of the individual in religious ideologies 4. Stress of the individual in political and secular ideologies - generalized, balanced and negative IR= negative (for profit) - refers to the dramatic technological and economics innovations that occurred in England from about 1760 to 1830 ex. factories

Industrial Revolution and characteristics of Industrial Societies:

Culture

Is learned behavior acquired by individuals as a social group.

Shamanism:

Like a witch doctor. A religious specialist who uses supernatural power in curing or cursing. i.e. not in modern society

Tidewater region, Appalachian consequences of migration from Europe to america: different languages, culture, race, system of governments

Migration

NGOs

Non governmental organization

Generalized reciprocity: is gift giving without the expectation of an immediate return. For example, if you are shopping with a friend and you buy him a cup of coffee, you may expect him to buy you one in return at some time in the future. Balanced reciprocity: there is an explicit expectation of immediate return. If you walk out of a store without paying for the goods that you have taken, you have failed to immediately reciprocate with the appropriate amount of money. Negative reciprocity: occurs when there is an attempt to get someone to exchange something he or she may not want to give up or when there is an attempt to get a more valued thing than you give in return. This may involve trickery, coercion, or hard bargaining.

Reciprocity in terms of economic exchanges (3 types)

A prescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technological routine, having reference to beliefs in invisible beings or powers regarded as the first and final causes of all effects. 1. Separation, 2. Transition 3. Reintegration

Rituals (list the 3 stages or components):

Egalitarianism:

Societies where all the people are equal in terms of economic and political rights. Chinese society

Vertical= reciprocal animism, reciprocal exchange with the spirit beings. and horizontal= heterarchy, social differentiation, reciprocal

The Gift of the Mask dance expresses "the gift" in two dimensions during the dance. what are they

-Rwanda -Genocide is the act or attempt to systematically kill all members of an ethnic group or culture. In order to get the "different" people out of the way. -Holocaust, Rwanda, brazil (south america), north american native indians -yes

The Triumph of Evil Video: -What part of the world does this film take place in? -What is genocide and why does it occur? -Give examples of places and ethnic groups to which genocide has occurred. -Do you see evidence of the elimination of rights based on ethnic affiliation?

- Racism:the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. - because people are different from one another. -sometimes -Race is an ascribed status, you are born with it.

Understanding Race Video: -What is racism? -Why might racism occur? -Do there appear to be economic and political reasons for assigning a race to a person? -Is this an ascribed status?

a means in which to secure reciprocal relations with others. the obligation to give, to receive, and to repay. a means to secure alliance between different groups and individuals. Generalized exchanged.

What are the purposes of the gift?

Lineages:

a corporate descent group whose members can trace their genealogical links to a known common ancestor.

Cooperatives:

a farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.

Tribes:

a group that centers around kinship units and common-interest groups that cross-cut kindred boundaries. Horticulture typifies the subsistence technology.

Clans:

a noncorporate descent group in which genealogical links to a common ancestor are assumed but are not actually known.

Prophet

a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God.

Tribal:

a profound loyalty to one's tribe, ethnic group, or nation and a rejection of others.

Bands (hunters-gatherers):

a small group of related people, who are primarily organized through family bonds. Foraging typifies the subsistence technology. A respected and older person may be looked to for leadership, but the person has no formalized authority.

Nation-State:

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent. state corresponds to a single nation i.e. united states

Achieved status:

a status that is acquired by doing something.

Ascribed status:

a status that is the result of being born into a particular family or being born male or female.

Stratification:

arranging the members of a society into a pattern of superior and inferior ranks.

industrial revolution

dramatic technology advances occurring in 1760-1830

Nationalism:

extreme loyalty and devotion to a nation and its interests, usually at the expense of other nations or societies. belief that the nation and state should coincide i.e. Germany during WWII - have there own unity but what their own recognized political state

Racism:

harmful prejudice, discrimination, and/or persecution based on presumed ethnic/racial differences.

Animism

is the worldview that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence. used in the anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples,especially prior to the development of organized religion.

Mohammed

known by muslims as the "holy prophet"

Chiefdoms

political organization is typically inherited through kinship lines. A ranked society in which a few leaders make decisions for the group.

Indigenous:

referring to the native population of an area

Endgamy

rules which require a person to marry inside of the group i.e. castes

Exogamy

rules which require a person to marry outside of the group i.e. clan

what are the two major sects of islam

sunni and shitte(shia) differences in the beliefs of various prophets

Colonization

the act of setting up a colony away from one's place of origin.

Ethnocide

the act or attempt to systematically destroy another people's ethnicity or culture. i.e. native american culture during 18th and 20th century

Genocide:

the act or attempt to systematically kill all members of an ethnic group or culture. i.e. holocaust

Hypodescent:

the criterion for assigning individuals to specific "races" based on only a distant hereditary relationship.

State:

the level of political integration in which a society has a permanent, highly centralized political organization with an elite social class of rulers at the top.

Globalization:

the progressive emergence of a single worldwide economic system and the simultaneous reduction in global cultural and political differences.

Castes:

the ranking of members in a society by occupational status and degree of purity or pollution as determined by their birth.

Totemism:

used as symbols of clans. When they are believed to be particular kinds of animals or plants, killing or eating them is usually not allowed.

Classes:

where members of a society are ranked from higher to lower based on wealth, prestige, position, or education.