ANTH 100 Exam I
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
.young men gained social status ,coffee plantations took over all open land, people had more access to commodities
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
When archaeologists recover and analyze ancient non-fossilized remains, such as the teeth found in Hoyo Negro, they are most likely to use
DNA analysis
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
E. B. Tylor
Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.
False
All humans are born with some culture.
False
Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.
False
Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own.
False
Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
False
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
False
Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.
False
In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.
False
Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.
False
Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.
False
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
False
People rarely hold conflicting values.
False
The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more.
False
The only useful way that we can understand non-living human ancestors comes from the study of fossils.
False
False
Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
Franz Boas
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
the power of tradition
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates
Post-structuralism
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
through systematic connections of different parts
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
tradition
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.
True
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.
True
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious.
True
America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.
True
Archaeologists are making a mistake when they clean samples of potsherds for analysis.
True
Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.
True
Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
True
Culture is uniquely human.
True
Elaborating symbols and summarizing symbols work in opposite ways.
True
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.
True
Localization is the flip side of globalization.
True
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake.
True
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
a creole
In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
a factory, a mental institution, a New York City neighborhood, the Amazon rain forest
The use of MtDNA sequencing and the establishment of haplogroups allowed researchers working on the Hoyo Negro project to establish
a high degree of overlap with current indigenous peoples
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish
a more specific age for a fossil or something organic
Which project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist?
a study of landscape change
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
If you studied the deeply buried remains of a 15,000-year-old funerary site in the Gobi Desert you would be least likely to analyze
ancient DNA
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
World systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world .better explain uneven development through time and space better understand local social relations
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is
clash of civilizations theory
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
colonialism .globalization. commerce .migration
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
People participate in globalization by
consuming Coca-Cola .watching TV. migrating to distant cities for work
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on
everyday interactions
Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?
fieldwork
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
implies how people should act
The major goal of "development" is
importing health .expanding capitalist markets .alleviating poverty
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork
in a government hearing on immigration policy
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
A symbol
is the basis of human behavior ,is something that conventionally stands for something else..includes numbers and the alphabet
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
it is stable .it is flexible.it is dynamic
In attempting to understand the way that ancient humans actually lived, paleoanthropologists Richard Leakey and writer Roger Lewin described the difficulty involved as being like a
jigsaw puzzle with most pieces missing
Examples of social institutions are
kinship .marriage .farming
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?
language ideology
Culture is
learned and shared
Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves
learning the local language, becoming involved in people's lives, spending a significant amount of time in the field
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
metaphor
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
migrants
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbols
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in
paleoanthropology
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
parole
As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of
participant observation
Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?
participant observation
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (e.g., raw/cooked)
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers inter
Ethnocentrism
presents a major problem for anthropologists ,means you think your culture is superior to others, .is a common feature of culture
Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants
reasons for doing the research
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through
seriation
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
The Canadian government helps preserve the use of French by requiring all official documents to be written in both English and French. The provincial government of the Canadian province of Quebec has implemented further regulations that require that signs have French letters larger than English letters. Why is the size of letters important?
symbolically, the size of the letters suggests the importance of the language .the regulations themselves give French Canadians a feeling that they are as important as English speakers, even though they are in the minority .it is impossible to control what language ordinary Canadians use, but they can evaluate and distinguish the size of letters on signs
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism .friction .creolization
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
terms for biological species, details about court cases,.life histories, opinions on upcoming elections
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group .language is a guide to "social reality" .we understand the material world through the language we speak
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
the artificiality of taste ,the cultural constructions of insects as food ,that eating insects can be adaptive
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
Cultural differences are often caused by
the isolation of communities
A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except
the layout of the factory in which they are built
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the processes of cultural appropriation
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
When anthropologists go into the field
they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The ability to discover ancient remains and draw inferences about our earliest human ancestors is sometimes helped by
trace fossils
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using a larynx
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words
In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?
test pits
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States.
False
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.
False
Cultural anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes, and participant observation.
False
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False
Studying pottery is an important part of understanding ancient cultures because potsherds break but never completely decompose under normal environmental conditions.
True
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
True
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in
a study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
Remote sensing techniques are
a way to correlate magnetic and locational data
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action research
One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of
aerial surveys, surface surveys, regional surveys, GIS systems
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
elaborating symbol
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
genealogical method
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans. it can justify atrocities , it explains all human action as the product of culture alone
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?
the in-depth analysis of the grammars of European languages
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
False
If the exact location of a fossil or archaeological artifact is not known it is usually impossible to determine an accurate date for it.
True
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right, as a foreign anthropologist, to study the Maya culture
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
finances .communication .migration
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
genealogical method
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects
Which of the following is a feature of language?
it is used to communicate .it is systematic.it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar