ANTH 101
_________________ is an extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, whistles) that convey information.
Paralanguage
___________________ are noises that convey meaning.
Paralanguage
[ Select ] ["bride wealth"] involves the exchange of goods, a gift from the groom and his kin to the bride's kin. [ Select ] ["dowry"] is the gifts given by a bride's family to the husband's family.
1. Bride wealth 2. Dowry
How are climate change and globalization connected? Check all that apply.
1. Companies moving to other countries for less strict environmental laws increase the emission rate of many pollutants 2. Changing weather patterns shift where food comes from
What moral and ethical concerns guide anthropologists in their research and writing? check all that apply
1. Do no harm 2. Obtain consent 3. ensure anonymity
Anthropologists identify two basic types of families: extended families which are based on consanguineal, or blood relations extending over multiple generations and nuclear families which are organized around the conjugal tie (the relationship between husband and wife).
1. Extended 2. nuclear
A genotype is the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form. A phenotype is the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form because of interaction with environmental factors.
1. Genotype 2. Phenotype
[ Select ] ["qualitative data", "quantitative data"] is any data that can be measured and compared, [ Select ] ["quantitative data", "qualitative data"] is information that cannot be measured, such as life histories or daily observations.
1. Quantitative data 2. Qualitative data
Saint is a person who is considered exceptionally close to God and who is then exalted after death and Martyr is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion.
1. Saint 2. Martyr
Which of the following is an example of an anthropological study? Check all that apply.
1. Studying the effects and spread of HIV and AIDS in Africa 2. Studying the artifacts in Mexico from 2000 years ago 3. Studying how language changes through immigration and emigration
Cultural emphasis, or focal vocabulary is of particular interest to linguists as it can reveal:
1. aspects of a culture that are valued 2. the words and terminology that develop to describe unique cultural realities
The [ Select ] ["emic", "etic"] perspective enables an understanding of the local community on its own terms, it is an insider's view. The [ Select ] ["emic", "etic"] perspective enables an understanding of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologist's perspective, it is an outsider's view.
1. emic 2. metic
imitative magic replicates the desired result, whereas contagious magic is the belief that materials that have come in contact with a person or thing will allow transfer of power between object and person.
1. imitative 2. contagious
What contributes to skin color?
1. melanin 2. gene flow 3. adaptation to UV
phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can make a difference in meaning with morphemes are the smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own.
1. phonemes 2. morphemes
politics is the attempt to persuade a person or group toward a thought or action while power is persuading a person or group toward a thought or action.
1. politics 2. power
Marx defined two broad classes of people which include bourgeoisie or working class and proletariat or capitalist class.
1. proletariat 2. bourgeoisie
The anthropologist in "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari" [ Select ] ["was not", "was"] well received by the Bushmen at first because he [ Select ] ["was", "was not"] sharing his food rations.
1. was not 2. was not
What is miscegenation?
A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage
Ethnographic Fieldwork refers to __________________________.
A research strategy involving living and interacting with a community.
Why have anthropologists needed to change their studies to accomodate globalization?
All of the above
How do we learn a culture through enculturation?
All of the above - formal lessons -Watching our surroundings -from our friends and family
Racial ideology is a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem ________.
All of the above 1. Reasonable 2. rational 3. normal
Who are the "Nacirema"
Americans
Annette Weiner was one of the first to be considered a feminist Anthropologist because she:
Called attention to the incomplete conclusions of prior anthropologists, like Malinowski because they hadn't considered the diversity of populations
What is it called when you switch back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context?
Code switching
The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period
Colonialism
Cultural Anthropologists study __________ cultures.
Contemporary
___________________________ includes the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society.
Cultural capital
It is quite common for anthropologists entering the field to experience ______________________, a sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered.
Culture shock
The study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
Descriptive linguistics
_______ is a group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintaining emotional and material ties to home.
Diaspora
_____________ is a group of people living outside of their ancestral homeland yet maintaining emotional and material ties to home.
Diaspora
Which of the following is Franz Boas' term for when a culture starts showing traits and patterns that originated in other cultures?
Diffusion
________________________ defined an evolutionary model of religion in which animism was the most primitive form of belief and religion is the most complex and attributed to civilizations.
E.B Tylor
_______________ is to believe that your own culture is normal, natural or superior to the beliefs and practices of others.
Ethnocenmtrism
Shamans are highly trained religious specialists that institute state level religious doctrine.
FALSE
African American English (AAE) is not considered a complete, consistent, or logical variant of the English language as there are no internal rules or patterns.
False
One of the differences between sorcery and witchcraft is that often sorcery is employed to do good.
False
The Bushmen rejected the black ox because it was actually a scrawny beast.
False
The lost boys of Sudan were unable to acclimate to US culture because they came from a third world country.
False
Franz Boas
Father of American Anthropology
_______________ is transforming culture through homogenization, migration and the global flows of culture, and increasing cosmopolitanism.
Globalization
Ethnicity is a sense of _______, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.
Historical
Anthropology is interested in ______________ because the "whole picture" helps to show the connection between near and far, past and present.
Holism
identity entrepreneur is when a leader promotes a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people.
Identity entrepreneur
The study of the relationship between body movements and communication
Kinesics
Nativism is the favoring of certain ____________ inhabitants over ____________.
Long-term/new immigrants
_______________ was one of the first anthropologists to make anthropology relevant outside of the academic community by demonstrating the long-held beliefs about the biological nature of gender in the United States was problematic in other cultural contexts.
Margaret mead
________________ highlights the hierarchical relationship between English and Spanish in the U.S.
Mock spanish
_____________ is the desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state.
Nationalism
A family of one's choosing may be made up of _____________________.
kindred
In a ___________________________, people who live near one another speak in a way that is mutually intelligible.
language continuum
A ____________ is a type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor.
lineage
Study of how language influences culture Linguistic Anthropologist
linguistic anthropoligists
_________________ is a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance.
marriage
marvin harris
material conditions determine religious principle
Scholars have often used the __________________ as a metaphor to describe the standard path into U.S. culture.
melting pot
Common, everyday indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation or religion
microaggressions
The ___________________ is the complete collection of microorganisms iin the human body's ecosystem.
microbiome
_________ is the contested social process through which a civil society organizes to produce military violence.
militarization
A political entity where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people
nation-state
the desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state
nationalism
The _______________ point of view considers the free-market, not the government, as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth.
neoliberalism
A civil society organization is a local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities.
nongovernmental
Study of the human fossil record
paleoanthropology
The Nuer of Sudan are a _______________ descent group, in which membership passes only to sons who inherit membership through their fathers.
patrilineal
stems from shared values and beliefs that legitimize the distribution of power and authority in a society
political ideology
_________________ involves one man with two or more women.
polygyny
________________ refers to "multiple voices" or the integration of multiple perspectives in a cultural study.
polyvolcality
E.E. Evans pritchard
proposed structural functionalism- cultures made up of individual structures (kinship, politics, economy, etc.)
Three types of _______________________ include generalized, balanced, and negative.
reciprocity
Increasingly, contemporary anthropologists strive to exercise _________________ in their studies so that any biases are made clear.
reflexivity
Cultural ______ means suspending judgement while trying to understand a group's beliefs and practices from within their cultural context.
relativism
karl marx
religion as illusion masking material conditions of the poor
Emile Durkheim
religion creates social solidarity
The _____________________ was developed by Franz Boas as a way to capture all available information and material about cultures he believed were in danger of extinction, through a combined focus on culture, biology, artifacts and language.
salvage approach
Which of the following is an individual's self-identification with a group that can shift according to social location?
situational negotiation of identity
cultural capital
the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
prestige
the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups
Triangle trade is the extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic.
triangle trade
In the Elman Service model, ________ are groups that subsist off of hunting and gathering.
tribes
In the Elman Service model, tribes are economies based on non-intensive forms of food production.
tribes
Anthropologists are uninterested in questions of any religion's ultimate truth or falsity.
true
The Ebonics initiative was not introduced to teach a substandard version of English in Oakland schools, but rather, as a bridge to teach those that speak Ebonics, Standard American English.
true
In the reading, "If You're Light You're Alright: Light Skin Color as Social Capital for Women of Color," how does colorism affect women specifically?
Skin tone is equated to beauty
Margaret mead
Studied gender and sexuality in Samoa, challenged American assumptions about gender norms
What is the Anthropocene?
The age of permanent human impacts on the environment
Which of the following do paleoanthropologists study?
The human fossil record
The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body's ecosystem
The human microbiome
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
The idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
Samuel Morton's study of cranial morphology is considered "scientific racism" because he proposed a hierarchy of racial classifications under the guise of science.
True
True or False: Hegemony is the power of one group to create consent and agreement within a population WITHOUT force or the threat of force.
True
True or False: Hypodescent is sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule." Correct!
True
True or False: In the Elman Service model, chiefdoms are intermediate between tribes and states.
True
Early anthropologists suggested that all cultures would evolve similarly, from simple to complex , or in their terms, "savage" to "civilized". This view, however was very much centered on traditionally "western" cultures as the most advanced. This view is a concept known as ______________.
Unilineal cultural evolution
What is a culturally constructed concept from 1691 Virginia designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not?
Whiteness
tribe
a multi-band populations with its own set of loyalties and leaders, considered 'big men"
band
a small kinship-based group of foragers with no centralized leadership
class
a system of power based on wealth, income, and status
The potential power of individuals and groups to contest current central pillars of a culture
agency
agency is the potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power.
agency
chiefdom
an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief
State
an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
_________________ is the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present.
anthropology
Study of past peoples through material remains
archaeologists
Malinowski was NOT considered a/an ___________ because he learned the native language and required total immersion in the field for at least a year, as he believed culture can only be understood in its native context.
armchair scholar
Malinowski was NOT considered a/an anthropologist because he learned the native language and required total immersion in the field for at least a year.
armchair scholar
_____________ is the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups.
assimilation
ability to cause others to act based on honor, status, knowledge, ability, respect, or office
authority
The _______________, also known as "two spirits" is a spiritually powerful individual as they are a third gender and can access the spirits of men and of women, common among Native American groups.
berdache
Legal membership in a nation-state
citizenship
Study of people's lives and cultures
cultural anthropologists
By Morton Fried's classifications, what is a society where no individual or group is barred from access to material resources or has power over others?
egalitarian
Applying the research strategies and analytical perspectives of anthropology to address concrete challenges facing local communities is _______________ anthropology.
engaged
Exploring ways environmental factors directly affect the inheritable expression of genes
epigenetic
___________ cleansing is efforts by representatives of one ethnic group or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a geographic area.
ethnic
_______________ is the major research tool of cultural anthropology and is the intense study of a particular society and culture over an extended period of time.
ethnographic fieldwork
A successful ethnographer needs:
excellent listening skills
Extreme wealth inequality has always existed in human societies.
false
True or False: Framing process is a way to describe how people are introduced to politics.
false
True or False: Phenotype and race are both ways to classify someone based off physical characteristics, and both have a biological basis.
false
Bronislaw Malinowski
father of fieldwork developed method of participant observation
___________ is transforming culture through homogenization, migration and the global flows of culture, and increasing cosmopolitanism.
globalization
What is the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force?
hegemony
A group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption, and distribution among themselves is a _____________________________. Correct!
household
identity entrepeneur is when a leader promotes a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people.
identity entrepreneur
Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race
individual racism
The shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing is known as the _________________________.
industrial revolution
Nancy Scheper-Hughes
institutes engaged anthropology in Brazil, studied women's reaction to high mortality rate
Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
institutional racism
What is an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification?
intersectionality
________________________ is a framework for analyzing the multiple factors, especially race and gender, that determine how class is lived.
intersectionality
Study of primates
Primatology
A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the humans into supposedly discrete groups
Race
Individuals' thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access based on imagined differences among groups
Racism
Cultural _____________ means suspending judgment while trying to understand a group's beliefs and practices from within their own cultural context.
Relativism
___________________________ are rituals that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another.
Rites of passage
What event pushed Geertz and his wife from being completely ignored by the villagers to being the center of attention?
Running away from an illegal cockfight
Victor Turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage including:
Separation, Liminality, and Reincorporation
Geertz's concept of "___________" description allows the anthropologist to look beneath the surface activities to see the layers of deep cultural meanings in which those activities are embedded.
Thick description
Why does Geertz pay so much attention to the Balinese cockfights?
To better understand the social, economic, and interpersonal relationships within the village setting from within their own understanding
Why does Geertz pay so much attention to the cockfights?
To better understand the social, economic, and interpersonal relationships within the village setting from within their own understanding
All cultures have some sort of incest taboo.
True
Imagined community is the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with an ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet.
will never
Multiculturalism is a pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and _____________.
yet retain an ethnic culture