ANTH 1102
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
Population
A cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others
founder effect
A form of genetic drift that is the result dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendant populations are descendant from a small number of founders
Phylogeny
A graphic representation that traces the evolutionary relationships and identities points when an evolutionary event or change occurred such as the creation of a new species
Bio cultural evolutionary theory has led to questions about the merits of reductionist thinking and how it tends to oversimplify. One of the more productive results of this critique has been the application in anthropology of
A holistic approach to evolution
Plasticity
A particular form of development bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime
holistic perspective
A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.
Qualitative Methods
A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs
Taxonomy
A system of naming and classifying organisms
binomial nomenclature
A taxonomic system that assigns two names to organisms
Theory
A tested and repeatedly supportive hypothesis
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
A way of explaining how the world works
increasingly, professional anthropologist are
All of the above
The ethical approach to anthropologist research would emphasize
All of these
Developmental systems theory
An approach that combines multiple dimensions and interactants toward understanding the development of organisms and systems and their evolutionary impact
Genome
An organism genetic component
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism
Bronislaw Malinowski
Mutation
Change at the level of the DNA
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
Chapter three
Concepts
The construction of meaning, social relationships, and niches are all part of a larger theoretical framework that anthropologists refer to as the
Constructivist approach
Anthropologists who study human bio cultural evolution believe that evolution
Continues in all organisms until they are extinct
Anthropologist believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing these phenomena across different societies called the ___________ approach is necessary to appreciate how artificial our beliefs and actions are
Cross cultural perspective
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices known as
Cultural relativism
The symbolic system of inheritance works though the established of
Culture and language
A cross cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
Culture helps shape the basic things all humans must do for biological survival food preferences
Othering
Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms.
The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of
Developmental bias
The nineteenth century British anthropology credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E.B Taylor
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution
E.B. Tylor
constructivist approach
Emphasizes that a core dynamic of human biology and culture is processes of construction: the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies.
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society you would most likely focus on
Everyday interactions
The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that
Evolution can on,y be measured or seen across generations within a population
Activities that are biologically based such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans
False
All humans are born with some culture.
False
Anthropologist have always approached a problem by specializing in one of your four sub fields
False
Anthropologist never disguise their informants identities in order to persevere the transparency of their research process
False
Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from primitive to advanced
False
Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power
False
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do
False
Culture is uniquely human
False
Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems
False
Historical archaeologist excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories
False
Non random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works
False
People rarely hold conflicting values.
False
The rise in obesity can only be explained by thrifty genes and genetic predispositions
False
The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths
False
Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism
False
Chapter one
Fill in the blank
Chapter three
Fill in the blank
Chapter two
Fill in the blank
Loss of genetic variation occurring when a small population creates a new usually isolated community is known as the ___________
Founder effect
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was names
Franz Boas
The theory of culture that purposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychologist and physical needs of society is called
Functionalism
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called _________
Functionalism
The recent upsurge in migration due to refugee seeking safety from war zones provides biological anthropologists an easy opportunity to observe and document
Gene flow
A _____ emerges when genetic variation within a group grown so large that it's members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences
Genetic flows
The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in
Great Chain of Being
protein synthesis
How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms species
A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness world study
How human genetics change in relation to disease
Reproductive success
How many surviving offspring an organism has
All human have the ability to become ____________ but it did not come into existence until about 10,000 years ago
Human evolution
Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?
In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition
The defining feature of historical particularism is
Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
Industrial Revolution
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one?
Industrialization
An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
Interpretative
One of the more important ways that anthropologists contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that
It challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory
The reason bio cultural anthropology rejects the genetic system of inheritance as the only means of understanding human evolution is that
It is too narrow to appreciate the complexity of human inheritance
Chapter one
Key terms
Chapter three
Key terms
Chapter two
Key terms
The sub field of anthropology that studies language use is called
Linguistic anthropology
We know that moderns humans evolve because we can see evidence of gene flow due to international
Migration
Plastically can be understood as not being Lamarckian because
Modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations
Ethics
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior
Chapter one
Multiple choice
Chapter three
Multiple choice
Chapter two
Multiple choice
If you observe gradual changes in environmental temperature and at the same time observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations which theory might help explain what is going on
Natural selection
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis large scale agriculture which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution can be understood as a form of
Niche construction
One of the key aspects of bio cultural evolution is that there is
No specific direction or goal as an outcome but that it is dynamic
Norms are stable because
People learn them from an early age because of the social pressure to conform
The ideas that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the ideas that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
Post structuralism
The broadest catering of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only perform research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organizations, process, or product
Practicing anthropology
Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by
Relativism
The theorist most connected with post structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
The ideas that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as
Social evolutionism
Symbol
Something an object, idea, image, figure, or character that represents something else
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Spiral shaped molecule strands that contain the biological information for the cell
Gregor Mendel findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed
The ability to observe closely
Evolution
The adaptation changes in populations or organisms across generations
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant
Epigenetic system of inheritance
The biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, such as the machinery of the cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body.
A qualitative approach is studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
The construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
Adaptation
The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce
Industrialization
The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one
The genetic dimension of obesity is related to
The environment conditions that have affected our food supply
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices such as eating breakfast cereals
The interconnections between different domains of society
Gene flow
The movement of genetic material within and between populations
Phenotype
The observable and measurable traits of an organism
Salvage Paradigm
The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.
comparative method
The practice whereby anthropologists contrast two or more cultures to derive insights about human behavior
Replication
The process by which DNA makes copies of itself
Mitosis
The process of cell division and replication
Meiosis
The process of gamete production
natural selection
The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments
diversity
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.
Extra-genetic inheritance
The socially transmitted and epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms
Scientific Method
The standard methodology of science that beings from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypothesis
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language uses shapes group membership and identity
Archaeology
The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity
Biological Anthropology
The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the social lives of living communities.
Culture
The taken for granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.
Behavioral system of inheritance
The types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass on to young members of their group by way of learning and imitation
Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation
The use of acupuncture in the USA
Allele
The variants in the DNA sequence for a given gene
modern synthesis
The view of evolution that accepts the existence of four genetically based processes of evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.
extended evolutionary synthesis
The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based but also non-genetically based processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance
If a functional were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs she or he would emphasize that
This way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals, obedience to authority social institutions
Even though many people believe that their _______ are very old, these enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are often much more recent than we realize
Tradition
The most enduring and ritualized aspect of culture are referred to as
Tradition
A change in DNA sequence leading to variation is known as mutation
True
A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
True
Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.
True
Culture can only be transmitted through face to face interaction
True
Culture consists of all collective processes that make the artificial seem natural
True
Diversity defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as difference
True
Gene flow can occur because of intentional changes in immigration policies in a particular county
True
Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism.
True
Most anthropologists believe in as single unified theory of culture
True
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instruments
True
The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly T/F
True
Chapter one
True or false
Chapter three
True or false
Chapter two
True or false
The core ideas of Darwin's and Wallace ideas descent with modification via natural selection is intimately tied to what larger force
Variation
The behavioral system of inheritance refers to the patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass onto young members of their grow up via ____________
Way of learning and imitation
Genetic drift
a change in the genetic variation across generations due to random factors
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
quantitative methods
a methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed
Functionalism
a perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society
ethnographic method
a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community
social sanctions
a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation
comparative method
a research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies
Interpretive theory of culture
a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols
An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects
adaptive changes
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all of the above
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
all of the above
Cross cultural perspective
analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures
Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common ___________
ancestry
Applied Anthropology
anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs
Practicing Anthropology
anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is called
archaeology
The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors
are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition is called
biological anthropology
A taxonomic structure is one that
both names and classifies all organisms according to a system
Quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right, as a foreign anthropologist, to study the Maya culture
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called ________ and was a driving force in anthropology
colonialism
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________________.
construction
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural anthropology
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called _______
cultural appropriation
A key feature of the _____________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.
culture
One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that
each lineage has a unique history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"
Holism
efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Assuming your cultures way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called _____________
ethnocentrism
The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the _______
ethnographic method
________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
evolution
According to the extended evolutionary synthesis, parents who teach their young a particular behavior that aids in their evolutionary success are practicing _____________
extra-genetic inheritance
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing ______
fieldwork
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically
focuses on multiplicity and variety
Individuals migrating from one country to another can fundamentally alter genetic variation in all members of both populations because of _________
genetic drift
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic perspective
One of the key popular misunderstandings about the causes of obesity is
humans have a normal diet
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called _________
informed consent
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in ______________.
interpretive theory
Even if we cannot necessarily predict the outcomes of direct genetic manipulation, we do know that it has direct social impacts, including
it can lead to unnecessary geneticization
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, subsistence patterns (such as farming)
Customs
long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect
Survival of the fittest is taken to mean competition for _____
mating
Ethics, which are _______________________________, are important to anthropologists.
moral imperative
Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of
niche construction
social institutions
organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions expressed in social institutions
A ____________ charts the evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic branch and yields information about its ancestry
phylogenetic
If you wanted to study genetic drift in Hutterite colonies such as those in which Michael Park studied gene flow you would be interested in
population records that suggest a dramatic reduction in population
tradition
practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
Sickle cell anemia a blood cell mutation takes a toll on those afflicted but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it
provides resistance to malaria in the tropics
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a ______________ study
qualitative
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
Anthropocene
refers to the geological epoch defined by substantial human influence over ecosystems
Gene
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
A symbol
something that stands for something else
Values
symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
Biocultural
the complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
cultural determinism
the idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior
Developmental bias
the idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others
Culture is
the knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals, law, art, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Cultural construction
the meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences
cultural relativism
the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
Essentialism
the philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form, and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA schools using mascots illustrates
the power of tradition
Enculturation
the process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of society
Anthropology
the study of human beings, their biology, their prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions
cultural appropriation
the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
Geneticization
the use of genetics to explain health and social problems over other possible causes
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
theories
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
shared characteristics
traits of structures shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species
shared derived characteristics
traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events
derived characteristics
traits unique to a species that evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged
Norms
typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done
A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.
values
empirical
verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory
A linguistic anthropologist studying peoples relationships to the natural world would be most interested in
what words people use to classify things in their environment
niche construction
when organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs