ANTH 1102

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When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s

Population

A cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others

founder effect

A form of genetic drift that is the result dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendant populations are descendant from a small number of founders

Phylogeny

A graphic representation that traces the evolutionary relationships and identities points when an evolutionary event or change occurred such as the creation of a new species

Bio cultural evolutionary theory has led to questions about the merits of reductionist thinking and how it tends to oversimplify. One of the more productive results of this critique has been the application in anthropology of

A holistic approach to evolution

Plasticity

A particular form of development bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime

holistic perspective

A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.

Qualitative Methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs

Taxonomy

A system of naming and classifying organisms

binomial nomenclature

A taxonomic system that assigns two names to organisms

Theory

A tested and repeatedly supportive hypothesis

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

A way of explaining how the world works

increasingly, professional anthropologist are

All of the above

The ethical approach to anthropologist research would emphasize

All of these

Developmental systems theory

An approach that combines multiple dimensions and interactants toward understanding the development of organisms and systems and their evolutionary impact

Genome

An organism genetic component

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism

Bronislaw Malinowski

Mutation

Change at the level of the DNA

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

Chapter three

Concepts

The construction of meaning, social relationships, and niches are all part of a larger theoretical framework that anthropologists refer to as the

Constructivist approach

Anthropologists who study human bio cultural evolution believe that evolution

Continues in all organisms until they are extinct

Anthropologist believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing these phenomena across different societies called the ___________ approach is necessary to appreciate how artificial our beliefs and actions are

Cross cultural perspective

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices known as

Cultural relativism

The symbolic system of inheritance works though the established of

Culture and language

A cross cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

Culture helps shape the basic things all humans must do for biological survival food preferences

Othering

Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms.

The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of

Developmental bias

The nineteenth century British anthropology credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

E.B Taylor

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution

E.B. Tylor

constructivist approach

Emphasizes that a core dynamic of human biology and culture is processes of construction: the construction of meanings, social relationships, ecological niches, and developing bodies.

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society you would most likely focus on

Everyday interactions

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that

Evolution can on,y be measured or seen across generations within a population

Activities that are biologically based such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans

False

All humans are born with some culture.

False

Anthropologist have always approached a problem by specializing in one of your four sub fields

False

Anthropologist never disguise their informants identities in order to persevere the transparency of their research process

False

Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from primitive to advanced

False

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power

False

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do

False

Culture is uniquely human

False

Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems

False

Historical archaeologist excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories

False

Non random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works

False

People rarely hold conflicting values.

False

The rise in obesity can only be explained by thrifty genes and genetic predispositions

False

The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths

False

Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism

False

Chapter one

Fill in the blank

Chapter three

Fill in the blank

Chapter two

Fill in the blank

Loss of genetic variation occurring when a small population creates a new usually isolated community is known as the ___________

Founder effect

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was names

Franz Boas

The theory of culture that purposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychologist and physical needs of society is called

Functionalism

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called _________

Functionalism

The recent upsurge in migration due to refugee seeking safety from war zones provides biological anthropologists an easy opportunity to observe and document

Gene flow

A _____ emerges when genetic variation within a group grown so large that it's members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences

Genetic flows

The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in

Great Chain of Being

protein synthesis

How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms species

A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness world study

How human genetics change in relation to disease

Reproductive success

How many surviving offspring an organism has

All human have the ability to become ____________ but it did not come into existence until about 10,000 years ago

Human evolution

Why is AIDS having a more dramatic effect on populations in sub-Saharan African than in North America and Europe?

In sub-Saharan Africa, people have limited access to medicine that makes AIDS a manageable condition

The defining feature of historical particularism is

Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

Industrial Revolution

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one?

Industrialization

An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.

Interpretative

One of the more important ways that anthropologists contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that

It challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory

The reason bio cultural anthropology rejects the genetic system of inheritance as the only means of understanding human evolution is that

It is too narrow to appreciate the complexity of human inheritance

Chapter one

Key terms

Chapter three

Key terms

Chapter two

Key terms

The sub field of anthropology that studies language use is called

Linguistic anthropology

We know that moderns humans evolve because we can see evidence of gene flow due to international

Migration

Plastically can be understood as not being Lamarckian because

Modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations

Ethics

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior

Chapter one

Multiple choice

Chapter three

Multiple choice

Chapter two

Multiple choice

If you observe gradual changes in environmental temperature and at the same time observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations which theory might help explain what is going on

Natural selection

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis large scale agriculture which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution can be understood as a form of

Niche construction

One of the key aspects of bio cultural evolution is that there is

No specific direction or goal as an outcome but that it is dynamic

Norms are stable because

People learn them from an early age because of the social pressure to conform

The ideas that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the ideas that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

Post structuralism

The broadest catering of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only perform research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organizations, process, or product

Practicing anthropology

Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by

Relativism

The theorist most connected with post structuralism is

Renato Rosaldo

The ideas that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as

Social evolutionism

Symbol

Something an object, idea, image, figure, or character that represents something else

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Spiral shaped molecule strands that contain the biological information for the cell

Gregor Mendel findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed

The ability to observe closely

Evolution

The adaptation changes in populations or organisms across generations

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant

Epigenetic system of inheritance

The biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, such as the machinery of the cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body.

A qualitative approach is studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

The construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

Adaptation

The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory based one

The genetic dimension of obesity is related to

The environment conditions that have affected our food supply

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices such as eating breakfast cereals

The interconnections between different domains of society

Gene flow

The movement of genetic material within and between populations

Phenotype

The observable and measurable traits of an organism

Salvage Paradigm

The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

comparative method

The practice whereby anthropologists contrast two or more cultures to derive insights about human behavior

Replication

The process by which DNA makes copies of itself

Mitosis

The process of cell division and replication

Meiosis

The process of gamete production

natural selection

The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments

diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

Extra-genetic inheritance

The socially transmitted and epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms

Scientific Method

The standard methodology of science that beings from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypothesis

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language uses shapes group membership and identity

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity

Biological Anthropology

The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.

Cultural Anthropology

The study of the social lives of living communities.

Culture

The taken for granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.

Behavioral system of inheritance

The types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass on to young members of their group by way of learning and imitation

Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation

The use of acupuncture in the USA

Allele

The variants in the DNA sequence for a given gene

modern synthesis

The view of evolution that accepts the existence of four genetically based processes of evolution: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

extended evolutionary synthesis

The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based but also non-genetically based processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance

If a functional were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs she or he would emphasize that

This way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals, obedience to authority social institutions

Even though many people believe that their _______ are very old, these enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are often much more recent than we realize

Tradition

The most enduring and ritualized aspect of culture are referred to as

Tradition

A change in DNA sequence leading to variation is known as mutation

True

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

True

Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.

True

Culture can only be transmitted through face to face interaction

True

Culture consists of all collective processes that make the artificial seem natural

True

Diversity defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as difference

True

Gene flow can occur because of intentional changes in immigration policies in a particular county

True

Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism.

True

Most anthropologists believe in as single unified theory of culture

True

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instruments

True

The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype

True

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly T/F

True

Chapter one

True or false

Chapter three

True or false

Chapter two

True or false

The core ideas of Darwin's and Wallace ideas descent with modification via natural selection is intimately tied to what larger force

Variation

The behavioral system of inheritance refers to the patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass onto young members of their grow up via ____________

Way of learning and imitation

Genetic drift

a change in the genetic variation across generations due to random factors

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

quantitative methods

a methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed

Functionalism

a perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society

ethnographic method

a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community

social sanctions

a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

comparative method

a research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies

Interpretive theory of culture

a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects

adaptive changes

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

all of the above

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

all of the above

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

all of the above

Cross cultural perspective

analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common ___________

ancestry

Applied Anthropology

anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs

Practicing Anthropology

anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is called

archaeology

The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors

are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition is called

biological anthropology

A taxonomic structure is one that

both names and classifies all organisms according to a system

Quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

challenged her right, as a foreign anthropologist, to study the Maya culture

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called ________ and was a driving force in anthropology

colonialism

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________________.

construction

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural anthropology

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called _______

cultural appropriation

A key feature of the _____________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

culture

One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that

each lineage has a unique history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"

Holism

efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

Assuming your cultures way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called _____________

ethnocentrism

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the _______

ethnographic method

________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations

evolution

According to the extended evolutionary synthesis, parents who teach their young a particular behavior that aids in their evolutionary success are practicing _____________

extra-genetic inheritance

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing ______

fieldwork

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically

focuses on multiplicity and variety

Individuals migrating from one country to another can fundamentally alter genetic variation in all members of both populations because of _________

genetic drift

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

holistic perspective

One of the key popular misunderstandings about the causes of obesity is

humans have a normal diet

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called _________

informed consent

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in ______________.

interpretive theory

Even if we cannot necessarily predict the outcomes of direct genetic manipulation, we do know that it has direct social impacts, including

it can lead to unnecessary geneticization

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, subsistence patterns (such as farming)

Customs

long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect

Survival of the fittest is taken to mean competition for _____

mating

Ethics, which are _______________________________, are important to anthropologists.

moral imperative

Termites in the wild construct huge "mounds" as a habitat. From the perspective of biocultural evolutionary concepts, termites and their engineering feats are involved in a type of

niche construction

social institutions

organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions expressed in social institutions

A ____________ charts the evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic branch and yields information about its ancestry

phylogenetic

If you wanted to study genetic drift in Hutterite colonies such as those in which Michael Park studied gene flow you would be interested in

population records that suggest a dramatic reduction in population

tradition

practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

Sickle cell anemia a blood cell mutation takes a toll on those afflicted but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a ______________ study

qualitative

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

Anthropocene

refers to the geological epoch defined by substantial human influence over ecosystems

Gene

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

A symbol

something that stands for something else

Values

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

Biocultural

the complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

cultural determinism

the idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior

Developmental bias

the idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others

Culture is

the knowledge, beliefs, customs, morals, law, art, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Cultural construction

the meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences

cultural relativism

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

Essentialism

the philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form, and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type

The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA schools using mascots illustrates

the power of tradition

Enculturation

the process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of society

Anthropology

the study of human beings, their biology, their prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions

cultural appropriation

the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another

Geneticization

the use of genetics to explain health and social problems over other possible causes

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

theories

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

shared characteristics

traits of structures shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species

shared derived characteristics

traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events

derived characteristics

traits unique to a species that evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged

Norms

typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done

A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.

values

empirical

verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory

A linguistic anthropologist studying peoples relationships to the natural world would be most interested in

what words people use to classify things in their environment

niche construction

when organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs


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