ANTH 205 Midterm
Identify which artifacts would be available to archaeologists studying a human settlement from 10,000 years ago.
Available 10,000 years ago - garbage dumps - pottery - tools Not Available - sacred texts - journals
Mental maps of reality classify and assign meaning to people and things. Identify the examples of mental maps of reality.
Example of a Mental Map of Reality: - race - time NOT an example: - privacy - money
Match the anthropologists to the approaches that they developed or supported.
Franz Boas - historical particularism Edward Tylor - unilineal cultural evolution Clifford Geertz - interpretivist approach
Place the definitions of the two data-gathering approaches on the correct area in the diagram. Then place the term "anthropologist" where it fits. Does the anthropologist practice emic or etic forms of data collection?
EMIC - understanding a community on its own terms ETIC - viewing a community as an outsider both - anthropologist
Who first defined the concept of culture and ascribed importance to anthropology?
Edward Tylor
Match the anthropologist to his or her influential book.
Edward Tylor - Primitive Culture (1871) Ruth Benedict - Patterns of Culture (1934) Margaret Mead - Coming of Age in Samoa (1928)
Identify examples of how globalization has affected the field of anthropology.
Effect of Globalization on Anthropology - Globalization led to the development of the field of anthropology. - Globalization transformed the way anthropologists conduct research. NOT an effect - Globalization inhibits anthropologists from studying how isolated societies used to live. - Globalization enables anthropologists to study any societies that they wish.
Globalization has a tremendous impact on cultures worldwide, whether they are large or small. Identify the effects of globalization.
Effect of Globalization: - global flow of culture - homogenization - increased cosmopolitanism NOT an Effect: - trade
Identify the elements of culture.
Element of Culture: - norms - values - symbols - mental maps of reality Not an Element - genes
Migration contributes and perpetuates the global flow of culture. Place the events in contemporary globalization in chronological order.
Global encounters can be modified to reflect local culture
Identify the correct definition of globalization.
Globalization refers to the increased movement and interaction of people, goods, ideas, and money worldwide
Oceans in particular are experiencing tremendous changes due to the effects of human activity. Identify the human activities that have a direct impact on oceanic life.
Has a direct impact on ocean life: - use of fertilizer for agriculture - garbage disposal - offshore oil drilling Does NOT have a direct impact: - accelerated sense of time
For centuries, explorers, missionaries, and others gave accounts of different cultures that they encountered around the world. Anthropologists continued this tradition with formalized approaches to data collection and analysis.Place the following descriptive accounts of other cultures in order from first to most recent.
Herodotus travels throughout Egypt, Persia, and the area now known as Ukraine --> Marco Polo crosses from Italy to China on the silk route --> Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas --> Julian Steward conducted fieldwork in Puerto Rico
Match the anthropologist to what he or she studied or studies.
Holly Barker - globalization and climate change in the Marshall Islands Audrey Richards - nutritional and women's issues of the Bemba people Franz Boas - U.S. immigration policies
In the book ____ , anthropologist ____ analyzes a community of elderly Jewish immigrants in southern California and reflects on her own position as a Jewish woman. This shift from studying ____ to studying the self was coined as ____ by Victor Turner.
Number Our Days; Barbara Myerhoff; the "other"; "being thrice-born"
Migration contributes and perpetuates the global flow of culture. Place the events in contemporary globalization in chronological order.
People migrate and take their cultural beliefs with them --> people practice their cultural beliefs in their new countries --> people travel back to their homelands to visit friends and family --> people bring new cultural practices to their homelands from their adopted countries
Match each term to the correct definition.
ethnography - the study and description of a community field notes - the anthropologist's written observations and reflections on a community ethnology - the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
Most anthropologists are ____ approaches that highlight the importance of a genetic inheritance fixed in deep evolutionary time, and are ____ approaches that emphasize the role of culture and the environment in shaping human physical and behavioral diversity.
highly critical of; supportive of
Linguistic anthropologists study language in many different ways. Match the type of linguistic anthropologist to the correct description of what they study and do.
historic linguistics - study how languages change over time and how languages travel across cultures sociolinguistics - study how socioeconomic contexts shape and affect language descriptive linguistics - analyze languages and their component parts
Anthropologists are constantly developing new approaches to studying and analyzing society and culture. Match the anthropological approaches to their correct definitions.
historical particularism - idea that cultures develop in specific ways due to their histories structural functionalism - a framework in which each element of society serves a particular function unilineal cultural evolution - theory that all cultures naturally evolve from simple to complex interpretivist approach - a framework in which culture is a symbolic system of deep meaning
What is the correct term for anthropology's commitment to studying the entire picture of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language?
holism
Globalization is characterized by several important key dynamics. Match the key dynamic to the correct definition.
increasing migration - accelerated movement of people within and between countries time-space compression - the effects that communication and transportation technologies have on the way we think about time and space flexible accumulation - strategies that corporations use to accrue profit uneven development - the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization
Human activity is affecting the planet in enormous ways. For example, the burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which sets off a chain reaction of events. Fill in the following flow chart starting with the direct effect of the increase of greenhouse gases and ending with the impact on people around the world.
increasing temperatures --> melting glaciers --> rising sea levels --> more environmental refugees
Place an anthropologist's preparations and strategies when undertaking fieldwork in a foreign area in order, starting with pre-fieldwork preparations.
learn the language, do a literature review, garner local and financial support --> establish a rapport with key informants and others in the community --> map human relationships --> analyze the data
Match each research strategy with its definition.
mapping - analysis of physical and/or geographic space survey - an information-gathering tool for quantitative data analysis social network analysis - examining relationships in a community, often conducted by identifying whom people turn to in times of need
In Pittsburgh in 2018, a white supremacist slaughtered eleven people and injured seven more during a Saturday morning worship service at The Tree of Life synagogue. Match each aspect of culture with the element of this crime that describes it most closely.
norm - Gun ownership is acceptable and legal in America. value - The gunman believed America should be a purely white nation. symbol - The "tree of life" is an important religious image.
Anthropologists study the past and present diversity of human life. Place the following types of anthropologists in order starting with who studies the oldest material to who studies the newest material.
paleoanthropologists --> prehistoric archaeologists --> historic archaeologists --> cultural anthropologists
_____, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence, is often reflected in _____, the uneven distribution of resources and privileges in a society.
Power; stratification
Identify what later anthropologists found problematic about E. E. Evans-Pritchard's study of Sudanese communities during the 1930s, detailed in his ethnography The Nuer (1940).
Problematic of Study: - He was a British citizen. - He adopted a synchronic approach and did not take into account historical context. NOT Problematic - The Nuer were an isolated society in Africa. - He documented the group's social structure and captured intimate details of the community's daily life. - The fieldwork took place over eleven months between 1930 and 1936.
The advantages and disadvantages of globalization are often the subject of heated debate. Identify which of the following effects of globalization would be presented as evidence by either critics or proponents of globalization.
Proponents of Globalization - increased exposure to diversity - job opportunities for people in developing nations Critics of Globalization - cultural homogenization - distribution of wealth
Match the definitions and examples to the correct type of data that anthropologists collect and use.
Quantitative - statistical information that can be measured - the median income of households in study area Qualitative - a key informant's life story - descriptive data that cannot be measured
Blue jeans are incredibly popular throughout the world, with each person owning an average 2.6 pairs of jeans. The way jeans move through the world reveals the unexpected ways people are interconnected and intertwined in today's global age. Place the steps of the chain of production and consumption of blue jeans in order from first to last.
Raw materials are gathered from various countries --> sweatshop workers in developing countries assemble jeans --> people buy jeans in part as a response to media advertising - jeans take on different cultural connotations depending on where they are worn
Identify the reasons why it is important for anthropologists to map the components of a built environment.
Reason it is Important: - Human life and culture shape the built environment. - Human life and culture shape the built environment. - The built environment shapes human life and culture. Not a Reason - The built environment does not change.
Identify each statement about culture shock and ethnographic fieldwork as accurate or not accurate.
Accurate: - Anthropologists may experience culture shock when they return to their home culture. Not Accurate: -It is possible, but rare, for an anthropologist to experience culture shock when entering the field. - It is possible, but rare, for an anthropologist to experience culture shock when entering the field. - Anthropologists avoid or deny culture shock whenever possible.
Although not recognized as an official name, many scholars and scientists call the era we currently live in the ____ . The current era is characterized by the effects of human activity on the planet, such as ____
Anthropocene; climate change
In his classic ethnography titled ____, Bronislaw Malinowski analyzed ____ as a system of exchange in islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the book, Malinowski also provided guidelines for anthropologists conducting fieldwork, an approach that today is still called ____.
Argonauts of the Western Pacific; the Kula ring; participant observation
Consider this image, which shows Jeanne Lowe next to a photograph of her and her husband. Identify the concepts that Jeanne and Bill Lowe were challenging by trying to get married in 1948.
Concepts Challenged: - U.S. cultural norms - endogamy Not Concepts: - U.S. religion - cultural relativism
In 2003, a debate emerged in France over the right of Muslim girls to wear headscarves to public schools. Despite protests, such as the one depicted in this image, a law was passed in 2004 banning religious clothing in public schools. Identify the concepts these events and the image illustrate.
Concepts Illustrated - stratification - power - agency Not Concepts: - cosmopolitanism
Identify the practices that contribute to the flexible accumulation of profits by corporations.
Contributes to Flexible Accumulation of Profits - offshoring - outsourcing Does NOT contribute - climate change higher taxes in developing nations
Which of the following describes how anthropologists describe the primary way humans adapt to and manipulate their physical and social environments, in light of the human evolutionary past?
Cultural adaptation has mostly replaced genetic adaptation
Identify the ways anthropologists are adapting to the current era of intensified globalization.
Why Anthropologists are Adapting: - by changing research strategies - by paying attention to how communities are connected through migration and communication practices NOT ways: - by ignoring time-space compression - by studying isolated people who aren't affected by globalization
Which ethnography set modern standards for ethnography?
Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Select the research question that best fits Nancy Scheper-Hughes's fieldwork in Alto do Cruzeiro.
Why do mothers refuse to grieve when their babies die?
The human population puts a tremendous strain on the planet in many ways, and our numbers continue to grow astronomically. Identify the approximate current global population, as of 2020, and the expected population in 2050.
2020 --> 7.7 billion people 2050 --> 9.8 billion
Place key fieldwork strategies and approaches in order from first developed to most recently developed.
1900 - salvage ethnography 1920 - participant observation 1940 - synchronic approach 1980 - reflexivity
Popular American discourse often assigns biology the primary role in determining who we are. What does anthropological research suggest about what shapes our lives and bodies?
Culture and the environment play a powerful role
Identify the statements that best describe anthropology.
Describes Anthropology: - Anthropology is the study of past and present human diversity and the application of that knowledge. - Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century colonialism gave rise to the discipline. Does NOT describe Anthropology - All anthropologists work in academic institutions. - Anthropology reinforces ethnocentrism.
Globalization affects even small communities around the world and sparks a number of different responses from local residents. Identify the statements that describe how local communities are dealing with globalization.
Describes how local communities are dealing with globalization: - fighting detrimental change - embracing new opportunities - negotiating better terms of engagement Does NOT describe: - ignoring the effects of globalization
Match the authors to their influential works in anthropology.
E.E. Evans-Pritchard - The Nuer (1940) Barbara Myerhoff - Number Our Days (1978) & Peyote Hunt (1974) Bronislaw Malinowski - Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) Margaret Mead - Coming of Age in Samoa (1928)
What does anthropologist Lila Abu-Lughod suggest about the relationship between Egyptian television and cosmopolitanism?
Even the Egyptian rural poor are participating in cosmopolitanism
Identify the examples of how rural populations are affected by globalization.
Example of Globalization's Effect on Rural Populations: - Rural populations watch American sitcoms, like Seinfeld. - Egyptians in rural areas watch Coca-Cola advertisements on television. NOT an Example: - Rural populations reject globalization by sticking to the same cultural norms and rules. - Rural populations purchase expensive products that they see advertised on television.
Italian political philosopher Antonio Gramsci described two aspects of power: material power and hegemony. Identify the following situations as examples of either hegemony or material power.
Example of Hegemony -
Italian political philosopher Antonio Gramsci described two aspects of power: material power and hegemony. Identify the following situations as examples of either hegemony or material power.
Example of Hegemony - the low number of interracial marriages in the United States, despite legal changes permitting it - British missionaries teaching supremacy of the Christian worldview in South Africa Example of Material Power - the banning of headscarves in schools by the French government - the use of British military force in the colonialization of South Africa
Identify the factors that led to the development of anthropology and the practice of fieldwork.
Factor Leading to Anthropology and Fieldwork: - globalization of the late nineteenth century - rapid dwindling of native cultures - professionalization of data gathering NOT a Factor - desire to understand each culture on its own terms
Anthropologist Brackette Williams centered her fieldwork on the question, "Which social programs best assist homeless individuals toward acquiring adequate housing?"
False
For an anthropologist, a zero is a statistically unimportant number.
False
Living conditions for miners in the Congo have improved because of the global demand for coltan, which is used in cell phones and other electronics.
False
Cultural values are not fixed and are often debated. Match the conflicting values to the country where they are widely contested.
India - modesty vs. public displays of affection China - economic growth vs. pollution United States - privacy vs. security
What is the difference between kinship analysis and social network analysis?
Kinship analysis looks at marriage and family ties, while social network analysis examines relationships throughout a community
Anthropologist Holly Barker came into contact with the effects of structural violence in her work with government. Identify the examples of structural violence.
Structural Violence - the refusal of U.S. political institutions to recognize the health-care needs of the Marshallese - Coca-Cola's tapping of water resources in Plachimada, India NOT structural violence - migrant farmworkers working in central Florida - Coca-Cola's removal of their plant in Plachimada, India
Identify the systems of power and meaning that are studied by anthropologists through intensive fieldwork and the observation of people's everyday lives.
Studied by Anthropologists - socioeconomic and political - gender and sexuality - religious - racial and ethnic
Anthropology is global in scope and covers a wide range of topics. Using ethnographic fieldwork strategies, anthropologists seek to understand human diversity. Identify the topics that cultural anthropologists study in depth to better understand human society and culture.
Studied by Cultural Anthropology: - structures of power - human agency - global interconnectedness NOT studied: - tribal isolation
Identify which techniques cultural anthropologists employ in their work.
Techniques Used by Cultural Anthropologists - Participant observation - ethnology Techniques NOT used - four-field approach - excavation
Anthropologists occasionally apply their work to real-world problems but most of the time they conduct academic research directed at their academic peers.
True
Anthropologist Holly Barker studies and works with people in the Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean. What does she say is the biggest challenge facing the next generation of Marshallese?
climate change
Although globalization has affected society in many positive ways, it has also created and exacerbated many issues, including ____ , which could lead to many environmental refugees in the future, and ____ due to pollution and corporate greed.
climate change; water scarcity
Cultural values are not fixed and are often debated. Match the conflicting values to the country where they are widely contested.
ethnocentrism
Edward Burnett Tylor and James Frazer believed in the idea of unilineal cultural evolution, a theory that suggested culture evolved in one direction. They identified the following stages, which they believed all cultures passed through. Place the stages in order according to their theory, from most simple to most complex.
savage --> barbarian --> civilized
Recently, scientific researchers have been delving into how culture and human behavior are affected by our DNA. One field that studies genes is the field of epigenetics. Identify the correct description of what the field of epigenetics studies.
the ways in which gene expression is influenced by a person's environment
When the author of your textbook, cultural anthropologist Ken Guest, traveled to the remote village of Fuzhou, China, some villagers laughed and said: "Go back to New York! Most of our village is there already!" What does this anecdote illustrate?
time-space compression
Cross-examination and critique of new theories and data drive discovery in the scientific community. When an anthropologist devises a new theory or approach, colleagues often offer up critiques that help the entire scientific community move forward. Match each anthropological approach to its critique.
unilineal cultural evolution - too general and racist interpretivist approach - ignores power dynamics structural functionalism - ignores the dynamics of conflict, tension, and change within a society
