ANTH 212: Exam 2.

What is the role of cotton in the agricultural communities of rural Greece? A) It is an important cash crop. B) It is used to make warm clothing for the cold Greek nights. C) Cotton is the major food for the communities' sheep. D) Cotton is traded in an informal barter system with neighboring communities.

A) It is an important cash crop.

One characteristic of pastoral societies is __________. A) dependence on trade with agriculturalists B) large settlements C) permanent settlements D) dependence exclusively on meat for food

A) dependence on trade with agriculturalists

Although food production is not necessarily __________ than food collection, it is generally __________ per unit of land. A) easier; more productive B) harder; more productive C) easier; less productive D) harder; less productive

A) easier; more productive

What herding system allows animals to roam over a large area and requires little surveillance? A) extensive B) intensive C) internal D) external

A) extensive

Which type of subsistence strategy has been practiced at one time in almost all areas of the earth? A) foraging B) pastoralism C) horticulture D) intensive agriculture

A) foraging

On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies? A) gender and age B) wealth and gender C) age and status D) status and wealth

A) gender and age

In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy? A) hunting monkeys with bow and arrow B) raising cattle and sheep C) using irrigation to control farmland D) planting coconut and banana trees

A) hunting monkeys with bow and arrow

Studies of two aboriginal Australian groups and one African foraging group suggest that foraging societies spend __________ time getting food than most agricultural societies. A) less B) more C) about the same amount of D_ much more

A) less

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture? A) more sedentary way of life B) lower population density C) strict egalitarianism D) reliance on hunted game for protein

A) more sedentary way of life

In which of these environments would you be least likely to find a pastoralist society? A) mountains B) savannas C) prairies D) steppes

A) mountains

Ester Boserup argues that the intensification of agriculture is __________. A) not likely to develop naturally out of horticulture B) associated with greater social equality C) not linked to population growth D) dependent upon a slow progression from animal husbandry and horticulture

A) not likely to develop naturally out of horticulture

What did Paul Roscoe discover to be closely associated with a New Guinean foraging society's dependence on fishing? A) population density B) family structure C) women's status D) protein intake

A) population density

Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________, rather than a __________, effect on the major types of subsistence. A) restraining; determining B) definitive; determining C) definitive; restraining D) positive; negative

A) restraining; determining

Which of the following factors may have contributed to the decline of the earliest city-states in Mesopotamia? A) salinization B) drought C) overpopulation D) flooding

A) salinization

If climate change is involved in the emergence of agriculture, the transition may have occurred when __________ no longer provided sufficient resources to support the population. A) sedentary foraging B) nomadic foraging C) slash-and-burn horticulture D) animal husbandry

A) sedentary foraging

Using the anthropological definition, which of the following is an example of horticulture? A) shifting cultivation B) decorative flower gardening C) large fields of cash crops D) greenhouses for growing plants

A) shifting cultivation

What form of horticulture involves working the land for a short time, then leaving it idle for a few years? A) shifting cultivation B) monocropping C) cash cropping D) permanent cultivation

A) shifting cultivation

Which of the following is characteristic of foraging societies? A) small group size consisting of related families B) semi-permanent settled villages C) social hierarchies reflected in ownership of land and wealthy possessions D) high levels of social differentiation

A) small group size consisting of related families

Societies that engage in pastoralism are characterized by __________. A) small, highly mobile groups B) a dependence on small animals like chickens or pigs C) living in densely forested environments D) a very high birth rate

A) small, highly mobile groups

Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies. A) social inequality B) elaborate folklore C) reliance on hunting D) balanced gender roles

A) social inequality

In which region are foraging societies least likely to be found today? A) temperate climates B) dense tropical forests C) deserts D) the Arctic

A) temperate climates

The spread of agriculture may be linked to the need for __________. A) territorial expansion B) more food C) permanent housing D) saving animals

A) territorial expansion

In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.? A) the Near East B) the Indus Valley C) Mesoamerica D) Eastern Europe

A) the Near East

From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein? A) the milk and blood of the animals they raise B) trading wool for cheese and yogurt in cities C) the meat of the animals they raise D) buying meat with cash earned through wage labor

A) the milk and blood of the animals they raise

In which areas is intensive agriculture unlikely to supplant horticulture? A) tropical forests B) the Arctic C) plains D) temperate climates

A) tropical forests

By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from __________. A) wild plants and animals B) wild plants only C) domesticated plants and animals D) plants, wild and domesticated

A) wild plants and animals

Most of the Ngatatjara's food supply is gathered by __________ and is __________. A) women; plant food B) men; plant foods C) women; meat D) men; meat

A) women; plant food

Why do state authorities have a particularly unfavorable view of mobile pastoralists? A) Their mobility makes them difficult to control. B) They have no wealth with which to pay taxes. C) Most pastoralists are fiercely territorial. D) Pastoralists use up too much land for their population size.

Their mobility makes them difficult to control.

Researchers studying the Tsimane have found that, among foragers who also farm, those who grow a cash crop __________. A) are most likely to clear more forest B) live in more permanent settlements C) have a more diverse diet D) are more likely to use migrant labor

are most likely to clear more forest

In an anthropological sense, an economic system refers to __________. A) customs specifying how people gain access to resources B) rules relating to kinship and inheritance C) exchange rates of different monetary systems on a global market D) attitudes toward leadership and influence

customs specifying how people gain access to resource

In all societies, generalized reciprocity exists among __________. A) families B) neighbors C) strangers D) friends

families

Systems regulating the way goods and services are distributed are closely associated with the society's __________. A) food-getting technology B) gendered division of labor C) dependence on seafood D) incentives for labor

food-getting technology

All societies divide labor by what two factors? A) gender and age B) productivity and gender C) class and productivity D) age and class

gender and age

Compared to food-collectors, horticulturalists generally __________. A) get more food from a given area B) are more nomadic C) are more sparsely populated D) have fewer differences in prestige between people

get more food from a given area

21. What is an important basis for work organization in nonindustrial societies? A) kinship ties B) neighborhood associations C) short-term contracts D) permanent employment

kinship ties

In which societies can there be no profit motive for work? A) subsistence economies B) post-industrial societies C) capitalist nations D) socialist systems

subsistence economies

Among the Mundurucú of Brazil, who controls the rights to use land? A) the village B) the family C) the kin group D) the individual

the village

Which horticulturalists are likely to be the most sedentary? A) those who rely on food from trees that produce for a long time B) a group that uses slash-and-burn agriculture C) villages that raise chickens or pigs D) a group that still relies heavily on foraging

those who rely on food from trees that produce for a long time

What factor can predict whether a particular food item will be shared with others? A) unpredictability B) calorie content C) abundance D) taste

unpredictability

Private individual ownership is __________ associated with intensive agriculture. A) usually B) always C) rarely D) never

usually

What kind of exchange takes place at a potlatch ceremony? A) A chief gives away food and gifts to guests in order to enhance his social status. B) People provide their annual tribute to the ruling family. C) Parents of young women give money and gifts to their daughter's future husband. D) Two friends exchange gifts of relatively equal value.

A chief gives away food and gifts to guests in order to enhance his social status.

Beginning about __________ years ago, people in some regions began to depend less on big game and more on relatively stationary food resources such as fish, small game, and wild plants. A) 14,000 B) 6,000 C) 10,000 D) 3,000

A) 14,000

Which of these trends is associated with the increasing commercialization of agriculture? A) A smaller proportion of society is involved in food production. B) People are choosing to eat more locally produced foods. C) Technology is being used to grow a wider variety of crops on a single field. D) More food production is controlled by family-run operations.

A) A smaller proportion of society is involved in food production.

Which of the following animals are least likely to be a source of food in a horticultural society? A) camels B) sheep C) chicken D) pigs

A) camels

Why must we be cautious about drawing inferences about our past from the lifestyles of modern foraging societies? A) Like all societies, foraging societies have evolved and are still evolving. B) Our ancestors had regular interactions with other societies, while modern foragers remain isolated. C) Contemporary foragers live in environments that ancient foragers never used. D) Modern foraging societies represent an artificial return to what people believe were the "old" ways.

A) Like all societies, foraging societies have evolved and are still evolving.

Some believe that food production was adopted across the world within a span of only a few thousand years due to worldwide population pressure. With whose research does this position best align? A) Mark Cohen B) Ester Boserup C) Lewis Binford D) Kent Flannery

A) Mark Cohen

How might we best describe the subsistence strategies of contemporary cultures? A) Most people today are food producers. B) Most people today are foragers, supplemented with small-scale animal husbandry. C) There is a roughly equal balance between foraging and food-producing cultures. D) Most people today are foragers.

A) Most people today are food producers.

What do Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery suggest must have influenced the changeover to food production? A) Population growth pushed people out of optimal areas, and they turned to food production to try to reproduce the resources they once had. B) People settled first, then realized that they would have to produce food to sustain their permanent residence patterns. C) There was an economic incentive for foragers to become food producers. D) Food production was spread culturally through contact with neighboring communities.

A) Population growth pushed people out of optimal areas, and they turned to food production to try to reproduce the resources they once had.

What herding strategies do contemporary Saami use? A) The Norwegian government now regulates reindeer herding. B) They still herd animals, but have switched to sheep and goats. C) They maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyle. D) There are no longer any reindeer herders among the Saami.

A) The Norwegian government now regulates reindeer herding.

Europeans who first saw the way South Pacific islanders maintained their gardens thought they were simply lazy. Why do they really allow their gardens to grow in such a messy state? A) The jumbled roots minimize erosion in the loose volcanic soil. B) They spend most of their days foraging, and don't have time to maintain tidy gardens. C) Islanders believe their gardens should look as much like the jungle as possible. D) They had only recently discovered horticulture, and their methods were still unrefined.

A) The jumbled roots minimize erosion in the loose volcanic soil.

Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture? A) a high degree of craft specialization B) a simple political organization C) a transient, nomadic lifestyle D) smaller population groups

A) a high degree of craft specialization

Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own __________. A) animals B) grazing lands C) permanent dwelling places D) land for cultivating crops

A) animals

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history? A) food collection B) irrigation agriculture C) horticulture D) pastoralism

Food Collection

Why should we not assume that food collectors would automatically switch to food production once they understood the process of domestication? A) Food production involves more work and less security than food collection. B) Food production cannot support as many people as food collection. C) Food production is associated with a more complex diet than food collection. D) Food production requires less specialized skills than food collection.

Food production involves more work and less security than food collection.

What is the difference between foraging and food production? A) Foraging uses only wild plants and animals, while food production cultivates and domesticates them. B) Food production depends only on plant foods, while foraging involves both plants and animals. C) Foraging allows for more control over processes like animal breeding and plant seeding. D) Food production requires a strict division of labor by gender, while foraging is rarely split by gender.

Foraging uses only wild plants and animals, while food production cultivates and domesticates them.

Why are intensive agriculturalists more likely to face food shortages than horticultural societies? A) Intensive agriculturalists often produce crops for market. B) Horticulture is usually more productive than intensive agriculture. C) Horticulture involves more complex and reliable technology. D) Intensive agriculturalists usually live in more challenging environments than horticulturalists.

Intensive agriculturalists often produce crops for market.

What is the key feature that distinguishes intensive agriculture from horticulture? A) Intensive agriculture uses techniques that allow people to cultivate fields permanently. B) Intensive agriculture begins only after a population reaches a critical density. C) Only intensive agriculture incorporates any sort of technology. D) Horticulture produces foods for village use, while intensive agriculture focuses on crops to sell.

Intensive agriculture uses techniques that allow people to cultivate fields permanently.

Why are the majority of intensive agricultural societies located outside of the tropics? A) It is difficult to control insects and weeds in the tropics, making agriculture less productive. B) Most societies in the tropics are too small to require intensive agriculture. C) Tropical forests are so bountiful that people can easily survive on a foraging lifestyle. D) Tropical environments are particularly well suited to pastoralism.

It is difficult to control insects and weeds in the tropics, making agriculture less productive.

What is the difference between animal husbandry and pastoralism? A) Pastoralists feed their herds on natural pasture, while people engaged in animal husbandry provide special food to their herds. B) Pastoralism allows for many more animals to be kept in a small space than does animal husbandry. C) Pastoralism is associated with intensive agriculture, but animal husbandry is not. D) Pastoralists eat their animals, while animal husbandry includes raising animals for milk or wool.

Pastoralists feed their herds on natural pasture, while people engaged in animal husbandry provide special food to their herds.

What happens to generalized reciprocity in times of scarcity? A) Sharing tends to increase during times of food shortage, but not famine. B) Sharing tends to increase during times of famine, but not food shortage. C) Sharing tends to increase during both food shortage and famine. D) Sharing tends to decrease during both food shortage and famine.

Sharing tends to increase during times of food shortage, but not famine.

Which of the following statements best describes the land ownership situation among the Hadza of Tanzania? A) The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use. B) The political leaders decide who owns specific parcels of land. C) Individuals may only use the land that they have purchased. D) The government owns all the land, and hunting time on it is "rented" by the individual.

The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use.

How do Samoan villagers earn money to buy items such as machetes, kerosene, and flour? A) They sell dried coconut meat to be made into coconut oil. B) They sell traditional pieces of art to tourists. C) They trade breadfruit with villagers on neighboring islands. D) They raise sheep and sell the milk and wool.

They sell dried coconut meat to be made into coconut oil.

Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land? A) Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value. B) Land is too expensive to own, so most foragers are forced to rent land. C) Private ownership has historically led to too much conflict, so they abandoned the practice. D) Foragers do not usually have a measuring system to equitably distribute the land.

and has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.

Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in __________. A) animals B) the amount of land people own C) the number of children people have D) the number of wives a man has

animals

Researchers have found that cooperation is __________. A) common across cultures and seems to evoke pleasure for people B) generally considered a good quality but rarely shown by individual people C) unnatural for humans but socially developed by most societies D) found in human societies but no other animal communities

common across cultures and seems to evoke pleasure for people

What do anthropologists mean when they refer to peasant economies? A) communities that are somewhat more commercialized than traditional subsistence economies B) people who are actively trying to break into the market economy C) groups that have a money-based, market economy but do not hold much wealth D) societies that maintain their traditional subsistence economy

communities that are somewhat more commercialized than traditional subsistence economies

For most horticulturalists, people __________. A) do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it B) own the land but not the foods obtained from it C) own neither the land nor the foods obtained from it D) own both the land and the foods obtained from it

do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it

The different forms of reciprocity are connected by the fact that they all __________. A) exist without the use of money B) involve exchanges of relatively equal value C) are centered on gift-giving D) are tied directly to food resources

exist without the use of money

Among horticulturalists __________. A) individuals almost always make all their own tools B) tools are almost always made by specialists C) a tool usually requires years to make D) people generally use fewer tools than do food collectors

individuals almost always make all their own tools

Many have suggested that the United States and other developed countries are now transitioning from __________ to __________. A) industrialism; post-industrialism B) domestic production; industrialism C) communalism; domestic production D) post-industrialism; postmodernism

industrialism; post-industrialism

The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________. A) move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries B) move from one country to another, living in three or more nations throughout their lives C) permanently move from their homelands to a new country D) move temporarily to another country for work, sending money back home

move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries

What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society? A) people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced B) money makes it easier for people to share with others C) traditional patterns of sharing remain the same after money is introduced D) people stop traditional patterns of sharing entirely

people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced

What archaeological evidence is needed to support the Binford-Flannery model? A) population increase before the emergence of domestication B) evidence of seafood in conjunction with agricultural fields C) artifacts indicating long periods of trade with food-producing societies D) skeletal evidence of domesticated animals

population increase before the emergence of domestication

What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods? A) production B) manufacturing C) industry D) economics

production

Commercialization through which means is associated with the formation of a peasantry? A) supplementary cash crops B) migrant labor C) redistribution D) subsistence agriculture

supplementary cash crops

Which of these is a common task for young children? A) tending animals B) cooking food C) clearing fields D) making tools

tending animals

Chayanov's rule states that when resources are converted primarily to household consumption, people will work harder if __________. A) there are more consumers in the household B) everyone in the household contributes to their ability C) everyone in the household contributes the same amount of labor D) there are fewer consumers in the household

there are more consumers in the household

What development was necessary before foragers could live in tropical forest environments? A) trade with agriculturalists to obtain carbohydrates B) animal husbandry of small animals for protein C) market economy to trade with neighbors for metal tools D) an irrigation system to deal with heavy tropical rains

trade with agriculturalists to obtain carbohydrates

In a(n) __________ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production. A) tributary B) domestic C) industrial D) communal

tributary