ANTH 242 Exam

approximately when did homo sapiens emerge?

300,000 years ago

Paul Farmer

Founder of Partners in Health, medical anthropologist

___________ are entitlements, based in certain values, beliefs, and norms, that create standards of protection for human behavior or individual well-being. In theory, these entitlements are thought to be inherent, universal, inalienable, and indivisible, meaning they apply to all people regardless of nationality, race, gender, religion, or any other statues, cannot be taken away and are interdependent on one another

Human right

in traditional hunter gatherer societies of the Kalahari, ______ is the system of circulating goods, lubricating social relations, and maintaining ecological balance

Hxaro

neoliberalization by theorists David Harvey and Wendy Brown

Labor: De-unionization, gig work, flexibility—all presented as "freedom" while reducing worker protections Precarity: Insecurity becomes normalized; risk is individualized rather than focus on society more broadly. Poverty: Welfare states are dismantled; poverty is moralized as personal failure. Global economy: Institutions like the IMF and World Bank enforce neoliberal reforms globally.

which disease was officially declared eradicated by the WHO in 1980?

Smallpox

according to the World Bank and other international institutions, the current global poverty rate is defined as earning less than ____ per day

US $2.15

where is the IMF located?

Washington D.C.

Examples of fast fashion

Zara, H&M, Temu, Shein, Primark. Bangladesh, Zambia, Indonesia, Uzbekistan

what is ethnocentrism in anthropological research?

a bias that leads researchers to interpret other cultures through their own cultural lens

what does "holism" refer to in anthropology?

a method for describing how phenomena are connected in an integrated whole

biomedicine

a scientifically based system focused on biological processes in health and disease

society

an assemblage of people

participant observation

an essential method in anthropology and one created by Malinowski in his work in the Trobriand Islands.

example of a personalistic cause of illness

being cursed or experiencing spiritual imbalance

which of the following is not a reason that biases form in individuals

bias is inherited genetically when a person is born

fast fashion

companies operate through subcontracting, making it difficult to enforce labor standards or environmental laws. ·Fast fashion promotes constant trend turnover, pressuring young consumers to conform to unrealistic ideals and chase cheap style fixes.

entanglement

complex and interconnected relationships between humans, animals, insects, material objects, environments, and social structures. it highlights how people and things shape and impact each other over time

poverty

conceptualized as a deficiency or shortage of some sort, typically in comparison to the living standards of others within the same society or to a universal measure of adequate provision

when the cause of an illness is unknown, humans often create explanations based on cultural belief or tradition

cultural norm that humans seek explanation for illness

primary purpose of a welfare state

ensure citizens economic and social well being through social security systems and public programs

which of the following is not a human right found in the UDHR

everyone has the right to anonymity

Hickel argues that charity to the poor has an immediate and longterm benefit lifting people out of poverty for many years

false

Social determinants of health (SDOH) only include access to medical care and personal lifestyle choices. ignoring social, economic, and environmental factors

false

TB is caused by a virus that primarily affects the digestive system

false

a third solution Hickel proposes is creating a global minimum wage which would be set at the same rate throughout the developing world and another rate throughout the developed world

false

anthropology exclusively studies remote, small scale societies that are unfamiliar with literacy

false

critical medical anthropology primarily focuses on biological and genetic explanations of disease

false

in his 1972 article, Marshall Sahlins argued that hunters and gatherers lived an existence of poverty, suffered greatly from lack of medical care, and spent most hours of the day working difficult tasks

false

in our examination of various studies on aggression and kindness, we showed that human biology (nature) is the main case for human behaviors, including violence, war, and conflict

false

one of the arguments Hickel makes is that there is a natural divide between the rich and the poor, which has existed since at least the 1500s

false

rights, such as those that are part of human rights, exist in nature and are biological in origin

false

the sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a series of eight targets that UN signed up for in the year 2000

false

zoonotic diseases can only be spread through direct contact with animals

false, it can be spread through contaminated food or water, bites, scratches, or vectors like ticks

an approach to research that requires cultural anthropology to live for many months or years in a society to comprehend the way people live, act, behave, learn, and interact. in taking this approach, anthropologists can work where that there is people from London Stock Exchange to remote areas of the Kalahari Desert.

fieldwork

which concept describes a local community where relationships are based on shared experiences and personal acquaintance?

gemeinschaft

Habitus

ingrained habits, dispositions, and ways of thinking shaped by social environment and upbringing, which guides individual behavior unconsciously

according to anthropological studies in the 2014 Ebola outbreak, what was a major reason the epidemic was not halted earlier?

international aid organizations failed to understand local cultural practices

what is one reason why anthropological knowledge is especially useful in understanding the contemporary world?

it helps interpret and navigate increased contact between culturally different groups.

what does Philippe Bourgois argue about drug addiction in marginalized communities

it is a socially generated pathology linked to inequality and exclusion

Arthur Kleinman

patients often perceive their illness differently than the way that illness is treated by a medical professional

illness

person's subjective experience of feeling unwell. it reflects how an individual perceives, lives with, and responds to symptoms or discomfort

the field of anthropology that focuses on the aspects of primatology, variation in human genetics, and the evolution of humans

physical anthropology

the main goal of public health

preventing diseases and improving community health

theory

provides a framework for understanding phenomena, guiding research questions, explaining observations, making predictions, and connecting new findings to existing knowledge

zoonosis

refers to the diseases that originate in animals but can infect humans

fast fashion

refers to the rapid production and distribution of inexpensive clothing inspired by current trends, often at the expense of labor and environmental standards. Anthropologists critique the globalized supply chains of fast fashion for perpetuating inequalities and unsustainable practices.

balanced reciprocity

repaying incurred debts immediately

neoliberalism

rose to prominence in the 1980s. • Built upon the classical liberal ideal of the self-regulating market. • Best way to conceptualize neoliberalism is to think of it as three intertwined manifestations: (1) an ideology; (2) a mode of governance;(3) a policy package.

the notion of social evolution, where humans are thought to evolve culturally from one stage to another is based on the findings of Charles Darwin in biology. what are the three stages that early scholars used and which was used to justify colonialism?

savagery, barbarism, civilization

public health

science and practice of protecting and improving the health of people and communities

collective consciousness

shared beliefs, values, and norms that unify a society and influence individual behavior, shaping social cohesion

medical anthropology

study of how health, illness, and medical practice are shaped by cultural, social, and historical contexts

best describes the concept of pragmatic solidarity

taking practical actions to reduce suffering while supporting marginalized communities

main characteristic of medical pluralism as described by Robert Welsh

the Nigerum integrated biomedicine seamlessly into their existing system of knowledge

which description best defines the overall field of anthropology?

the biological and social context of human in a wide range of environmental and historical contexts

what does the Kula ring demonstrate, which is drawn by the anthropologist Brainslow Malinowski?

the circulation of items in two different directions, which helped to maintain peace among the different island communities

in the United Nations, the Human Rights council is part of which UN group

the general assembly

cultural relativism

the principle that a culture should be understood on its own terms, without imposing external judgments. This approach is key to Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture, which examines how behaviors are normalized within specific cultural contexts.

enculturation

the process by which individuals learn and internalize the cultural norms, values, and behaviors of their society. It is a lifelong process that begins in childhood through interaction with family, peers, and institutions.

culture

the relevant difference between persons and groups caused by the fact that they have grown up in systematically different social environments

person

there are many definitions of this concept that can be egocentric, sociocentric, or relational

primary goal of the Directly Observed Treatment (DOT)

to ensure that patients adhere to their tuberculosis medication regimen

Nicolae Ceausescu's banned contraception and abortion of Romania in the 1980s. the result was that institutions were filled with abandoned children, most of whom suffered from low IQ, poor cognitive skills, anxiety, depression, and decreased brain size due to the effects of neglect and trauma

true

Nicoli Nattras's research on economic policy and human rights influenced the South African's government decision to fund and provide nevirapine to pregnant women to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV

true

another solution that Hickel proposes is creating a norm democratic voting system in the World Bank, IMF, and WTO where global south countries attain fair and equal representation

true

in 1967, the anthropologist Renato Rosaldo and his wife Shekky, went to live with the Illongot of the Philippines. then, his wife died and he understood the rage and anger that he had been studying among the Illongot

true

international governmental organizations (IGOs) are formed through formal agreement, between multiple countries to work together on common intrests

true

one of the facts presented by Jason Hickel is that there are 4.3 billion people living in poverty. to get this number, he uses a monetary measure of poverty where those who make under $5 per day are considered in poverty

true

one of the solutions that Hickel advocates for alleviating poverty is to abolish debt burdens. one reason he gives is that many poor countries have already paid their debts back at a modest rate of interest. most of what remains is "piles of interest"

true

some scholars suggest ergot poisoning from contaminated rye may have caused symptoms like hallucinations, potentially contributing to salem witch trials

true

the UN created the UDHR after WWII in 1948 even though it is not a treaty, and therefore, not legally binding

true

tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other infectious disease

true

norms

typical patterns of behavior, viewed by participants as the unwritten rules of everyday life

6 key tenets of neoliberalism according to David Harvey and others

Market Fundamentalism: market controls everything, the belief that free markets are the most efficient and just mechanism for allocating resources—even in areas like health care, education, and public infrastructure. Privatization: State-owned enterprises and services are sold off to private actors under the belief that this increases efficiency. Deregulation: Removing state-imposed constraints on business (labor laws, environmental protections) to "liberate" capital. Individual responsibility: Social problems like poverty, unemployment, or illness are reframed as individual failings rather than structural issues. Commodification of everything: Turning every aspect of life—including education, care, time, and even identity—into something to be bought, sold, and monetized. Accumulation by dispossession (moving resources): (Harvey's term): Wealth is generated not by production but by dispossessing people of public goods, land, rights, or time (e.g., gentrification, patenting, privatizing education or health care)

entrepreneurs of the self by Foucault

Market yourself (through personal branding) Invest in yourself (through education, self-optimization, therapy) Take risks (financial, emotional, health) Compete with others (for jobs, attention, followers) Blame yourself for failure (not the system) You become a mini-enterprise, always managing, optimizing, and selling your time, skills, body

US president George W Bush created what program

PEPFAR (United states presidents emergency plan for AIDS)

comorbidities

Presence of two or more medical conditions in a patient