ANTH Ch. 10

true (to be classified as a hominin, the species must be bipedal. Along w/ Homo sapiens, hominins include all bipedal human ancestors since our split from the common ancestors w/ chimps.)

All hominins are bipedal. true or false?

grasping big toe

Below is a list of traits found in Ardipithecus ramidus. Determine which of the traits are similar to apes and which are similar to later hominins. Ape trait? -thick molar enamel -grasping big toe -reduced canine dimorphism -sciatic notch

true

Different sizes of the temporalis muscle, which is involved in chewing through moving the jaw, indicate a different diet. true or false?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis; Australopithecus; Homo sapiens

Endocranial volume, or brain cavity capacity, varies among hominoids, with larger brains connected to longer growth periods. Place the following species or genera in order from smallest cranial capacity to largest cranial capacity. -Australopithecus -Homo sapiens -Sahelanthropus tchadensis

much larger molars

In comparison to modern human teeth, the dentitions of the genus Paranthropus have _____________________. -much larger canines -much larger molars -large incisors -smaller molars

the individual was likely bipedal

In lab, you examine a skull whose foramen magnum is centrally positioned at the bottom. What can you conclude from this? -the individual was likely bipedal -teeth were no longer necessary as weapons -the skull came from an australopithecine

false (while freeing the hands to carry things may have been an advantage, this is only one of several hypotheses, and there is not agreement that any one reason for bipedalism to be selected for was primary.)

It is clear that the main adaptive advantage to bipedalism was that it freed the hands for carrying things. true or false?

Paranthropus

Past and current hominins differ in many ways. Match the hominin genus to the correct suite of characteristics. robust features for heavy chewing, specialized diet, relatively small brains -Homo -Australopithecus -Paranthropus

Sahelanthropus tchadensis; Orrorin tugenensis; Ardipithecus ramidus; Australopithecus anamensis

Place the following early hominins in order from the earliest (oldest) to the most recent (youngest) -Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Orrorin tugenensis -Ardipithecus ramidus -Australopithecus anamensis

it had a large brow ridge; it had a fairly flat face; it was found in central Africa

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an unusual hominin for which of the following reasons? Select all that apply. -it had a large brow ridge -it was a biped that had only ancestral cranial features -it dates to 4.4 Ma, when no other hominin fossils are known -it was found in East Africa -it had a fairly flat face -it was found in central Africa

false (Australopithecus anamensis is the oldest of the australopithecines)

The earliest australopithecine in the fossil record is Australopithecus afarensis. true or false?

foramen magnum; quadrupeds

The hole in the skull through which the spinal cord passes is called the _____________________ and is located in the back of the skull in most __________________.

to keep the organism upright (prevent tipping at the hip) while walking

What is the function of the abductor muscles that run from the pelvis to the femur in bipedalism for upright walking? -to keep the organism upright (prevent tipping at the hip) while walking -to keep the ankles straight -to facilitate forward movement -to keep the knees from bending incorrectly

curved phalanges; a relatively small brain; marked facial prognathism

Which of the following are primitive or ancestral features of australopithecines relative to hominoids? -curved phalanges -a relatively small brain -bipedalism -marked facial prognathism

femur, skull, pelvis, knee

Which of the following areas of the hominin body changed w/ bipedalism? -femur -skull -pelvis -knee

it frees the hands to carry things; it allowed for efficient picking of fruit from trees; an erect posture helped maintain cooler body temperatures

Which of the following statements are possible reasons why bipedalism was favored by natural selection? -it frees the hands to carry things -bipedalism favored bigger brains -standing upright maximized reproductive potential -it allowed for efficient picking of fruit from trees -an erect posture helped maintain cooler body temperatures

it first evolved in Miocene apes ( Miocene apes may have used an upright posture, using their feet to grasp branches and support their weight while they used their hands for balance and collecting food.)

Which of the following statements regarding the evolution of bipedalism is true? -It first evolved as a hunting adaptation. -It first evolved in Miocene apes. -It initially evolved in hominins. -It evolved in terrestrial Miocene apes.

sagittal crest; large lower jaw; flat face; flared cheekbones; large molars

Which of the following traits characterize robust Paranthropus species? -sagittal crest -large brain -large lower jaw -flat face -flared cheekbones -extremely enlarged front teeth (incisors and canines) -large molars -relatively rugged or robust postcranial anatomy

habitual bipedalism; large brains; parabolic dental arcade; material culture dependence

Which of the following traits distinguish modern humans from other living hominoids? -thin molar enamel -habitual bipedalism -large canines -large brains -short juvenile period -parabolic dental arcade -material culture dependence

their jaws and teeth were adapted to heavy chewing

Why were the species of Paranthropus robust? -They had a much larger overall body size than other hominins living at the same time -Their brain size was much bigger than that of the australopithecines -Their jaws and teeth were adapted to heavy chewing -They were adapted to a much more rugged environment than other hominins

false (despite the gaps in the fossil record and the debates regarding interpretations of data, there are many important things that are known about early hominins)

The lack of consensus on one phylogeny of early hominins prevents us from understanding human evolution. true or false?

finger bones adapted to climbing

Which of the following is an ancestral feature found in the early Kenyan hominin Orrorin tugenensis that is shared with chimpanzees? -finger bones adapted to climbing -a large braincase -small, thickly enameled molars -adaptations for bipedal walking

Homo sapiens; Australopithecus afarensis; Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Which of the following species are hominins? -Homo sapiens -Pan troglodytes -Australopithecus afarensis -Sahelanthropus tchadensis

long femur neck; flattened and flared pelvis; longitudinal arch in foot; femurs angled inward

Below is a list of features that characterize bipeds and quadrupeds among the hominoids. Drag and drop each feature to the appropriate locomotor pattern. BIPEDALISM -narrow and elongated pelvis -long femur neck -short femur neck -parallel femurs -flattened and flared pelvis -longitudinal arch in foot -no longitudinal arch in foot -femurs angled inward

narrow and elongated pelvis; short femur neck; parallel femurs; no longitudinal arch in foot

Below is a list of features that characterize bipeds and quadrupeds among the hominoids. Drag and drop each feature to the appropriate locomotor pattern. QUADRUPEDALISM -narrow and elongated pelvis -long femur neck -short femur neck -parallel femurs -flattened and flared pelvis -longitudinal arch in foot -no longitudinal arch in foot -femurs angled inward

thick molar enamel; reduced canine dimorphism; sciatic notch

Below is a list of traits found in Ardipithecus ramidus. Determine which of the traits are similar to apes and which are similar to later hominins. Later hominin trait? -thick molar enamel -grasping big toe -reduced canine dimorphism -sciatic notch

Sahelanthropus tchadensis; Ardipithecus ramidus; Australopithecus anamensis; Australopithecus afarensis; Australopithecus garhi

Below is a list of various hominin species. Drag and drop the names in order from the earliest (oldest) species to the latest (youngest). -Australopithecus garhi -Australopithecus anamensis -Ardipithecus ramidus -Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis

south

Below is a map of Africa. Drag each hominin species to its appropriate region in Africa: central, east, or south. Taung child

false (the earliest hominins WERE bipedal, but enlarged brains and decreased tooth size occurred in later hominins.)

The earliest hominins were bipedal with large brains and small teeth. true or false?

Paranthropus robustus (which is a hominin that has a specialized diet which is reflected in its massive chewing complex, including large molars and a large sagittal crest.)

A fossil skull has a flat face, large molars, and a prominent sagittal crest, suggesting it is ____________________. -Homo habilis -Australopithecus afarensis -Ardipithecus ramidus -Paranthropus robustus

east

Below is a map of Africa. Drag each hominin species to its appropriate region in Africa: central, east, or south. Dikika baby

central

Below is a map of Africa. Match each hominin species to its appropriate region in Africa: central, east, or south. Sahelanthropus tchadensis

true

One possible explanation for bipedalism is that it initially evolved as a feeding adaptation. true or false?

Homo

Past and current hominins differ in many ways. Match the hominin genus to the correct suite of characteristics. large brain, used specialized tools, habitually bipedal, slow development -Homo -Australopithecus -Paranthropus

Australopithecus

Past and current hominins differ in many ways. Match the hominin genus to the correct suite of characteristics. matured rapidly, bipedal and arboreal, average brain size 466 cc -Homo -Australopithecus -Paranthropus

Australopithecines may not have walked exactly the same way that modern humans do

The figure below displays 3 pelvises: those of a chimpanzee, Australopithecus afarensis, and a modern human (Homo sapiens). What conclusion can you make when comparing them? -Australopithecines were quadrupedal -Australopithecines walked more like chimpanzees than humans -Australopithecines may not have walked exactly the same way that modern humans do -Australopithecines most likely walked exactly like humans do

Australopithecus africanus

The hominin child skull found at Taung, South Africa, is a member of the species ________________________. -Australopithecus afarensis -Australopithecus africanus -Ardipithecus ramidus -Homo habilis

true (The australopithecine pelvis is definitely a bipedal pelvis; however, its structure is somewhat different from that of modern humans. Researchers have suggested that this indicates a somewhat different style of bipedal locomotion.)

The pelvis of Australopithecus afarensis is wider side to side and narrower front to back than that of a modern human, reflecting that australopithecines might not have locomoted (walked) exactly the way modern humans do. true or false?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Which of the following early hominins is the oldest? -Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Orrorin tugenensis -Ardipithecus kadabba -Ardipithecus ramidus

the anatomy of the foot and pelvis

Which of the following is a feature of Australopithecus afarensis that is used to definitively classify this species as a hominin? -the anatomy of the foot and pelvis -the shape of the skull -the grasping tail -the large brain relative to later hominins

the human lineage is derived from a small biped; males were taller and heavier than females

Which of the following statements regarding important things that are known about early hominins are correct? -the teeth and jaws of early hominins reflect a highly specialized diet -the offspring of early hominins developed at a rate similar to that of modern human offspring -the human lineage is derived from a small biped -males were taller and heavier than females -the earliest human ancestors had brain sizes comparable to that of modern humans

it is intermediate between hominins and apes

Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the genus Ardipithecus is true? -it is very similar to paranthropines -it is intermediate between hominins and apes -it has a modern anatomy -it is closely related to the genus Homo