ANTH370 Exam 3 (Quizzes 10-12) CSU
MATCH - Hindbrain involved in reflexes, homeostasis and basic physiological functions, relays sensory input to the cerebrum.
Brainstem
MATCH - Midbrain involved in motor control and movement.
Cerebellum
MATCH - Forebrain houses olfactory sense.
Cerebrum
MATCH - Extremely high extinction risk
Critically Endangered
MATCH - Data but risk cannot be determined.
Data Deficient
A Barbary macaque female used primate social intelligence to elevate her social rank in her society. She did so by:
Each choice is correct.
MATCH - Very high extinction risk.
Endangered
MATCH - No survivors
Extinct
MATCH - Only captive or non-indigenous populations are known.
Extinct in the Wild
All anthropoid taxa include at least one species known to use tools -- brain size relative to body size is unimportant.
False
All hominoids use tools.
False
Like all haplorhines, tarsiers communicate reproductive state visually.
False
Male tarsiers in pair-bonded social groups, participate in childcare.
False
Mammalian divergence is marked by the appearance of a neopallium that provided better visual detection for finding food.
False
Pheromone sensitivity is pivotal human sexual behavior.
False
Primates are the only organisms that use tools.
False
Sacred langurs, like most folivores, are picky-eaters restricted to arboreal habitats.
False
Savanna baboon female social rank is associated with district reproductive strategies from moms. Alpha females have better access to resources and, therefore, can afford to nurse their babies long than lower-ranking females who must wean their offspring sooner.
False
Since more gray matter is thought to be indicative of intelligence, neocortex folds on the brain surface has been used to demonstrate our greater intelligence. We have more neocortex folds than a rat, a sheep, a howler monkey, a macaque, a chimp, a gorilla, and a dolphin.
False
Strepsirhine and platyrrhine primates retain a primitive VNO system and are, therefore, as olfactory dependent as nonprime mammals.
False
The Amboseli vervet population provides an excellent example of human caused extinction. This is due to the fact that fever trees have been chopped down in order to construct housing.
False
The God Hanuman is represented today solely by the sacred langur.
False
The leading cause of primate extinction are driven by natural processes.
False
The mammals date to ~210 may and were tiny-bodied, visual-brained vertebrates with enlarged visual regions!
False
The reptilian brain is as simple as the fish and amphibian brain.
False
Three excellent primate "flagship" conservation candidates in the Philippines include: galagos, tarsiers, and crab-eating macaques.
False
MATCH - Usually widespread and abundant taxa but individual populations can be listed as threatened.
Least Concern
MATCH - Close to threatened extinction risk.
Near Threatened
MATCH - No data, risk cannot be determined.
Not Evaluated
"Woman the Tool Maker with her kids" probably engaged in activities similar to those of chimp moms and their offspring; nonhuman hominoid tool-use behavior has social implications. Gathering together with the ability to dine face-to-face while socializing sounds very much like the human dining experience!
True
A "flagship" species is one whose conservation improves the likelihood fo the conservation of a biome.
True
A non-vertebrate chordate can sense for food but it cannot coordinate a search for food. In contrast, a vertebrate has a brain which directs a deliberate search for food -- it is a brainy consumer. Add a tetrapod neck to the vertebrate package and the locomotor food search gains enhanced viewing!
True
A relative large portion of the brain motor and sensory anatomy is dedicated to control of the fingers and independent digit control requires musculo-neural development. In humans, it takes 6-16 years to achieve independent control of digits and there is a range of variation in the degree of dexterity finally achieved.
True
According to IUCN conservationists, the leading cause of primate extinction include: habitat destruction, illegal wildlife trade, commercial bush meat hunting.
True
According to The Center for Biological Diversity, the natural "background" rate of extinction occurs at a rate of one to five species per year. Current estimates suggest that were are now losing species at a rate of 1,000 to 10,000 times the natural background rate -- literally, dozes go extinct every day.
True
According to the IUCN 2012 Primates in Perii report, 54% of primate taxa are classified in a threaded for extinction category.
True
Adoption of classroom primate mascots can enhance local conservation success.
True
Among nonhuman primate societies with strong social-ranking systems, high social status is associated with better access to foods, higher-ranking mating partners, and improved reproductive outcomes.
True
As rhesus macaques forced human cohabitation in cities, monkey-human conflict increased.
True
As shocking as it was to learn that human sexual attraction is not driven by pheromones, recent research fails to support the notion of being left-brained or right-brained!
True
Asian ape tool use capabilities are influenced by hand anatomy. The orangutan is a capable tool-user and, unlike African apes, dexterity is not limited by knuckle-walking. In contrast, the gibbon has extreme locomotive specialization that result in reduced thumb-to-palm muscles -- tool-use is not possible.
True
At least one capuchin species and one macaque species are known stone-tool users!
True
Baboons have incredibly complex social systems. They range from large multimale-multifemale groups of most savanna baboons with the addition of unimale-multifemale groups of mountain living savanna chacma baboons to, finally, the incredible herds and troops of highland baboons who live in multimale-multifemale societies comprised of numerous small unimale-multifemale subgroups.
True
Baboons tend to be on the move, highly mobile, every day in a constant search for enough food to feed huge groups of large-bodied monkeys.
True
Beginning in the 1950s over 100,000 rhesus macaques were exported annually from India for biomedical research in the US and Europe. Unfortunately, as the census work of Southwick and Sidiqqi demonstrates, rhesus populations could not sustain continuation of those losses.
True
Biomedical interest in rhesus macaques is due to: human similarity in physiology, genetics, disease; fast reproductive rates, ease of maintenance.
True
By ~55 may primates were present in the fossil record with sight-oriented brains associated with hand-to-mouth feeding adaptations. Visual cortex enlargement may be one of the most important trends in primate evolution. Even strepsirhine primates are more visually dependent and adapted than are non-primate mammals.
True
Callitrichine olfactory reproductive communication is not utilized to elicit copulations. Instead, it operators to suppress reproduction in some members of the communal breeding group.
True
Callitrichines, like all platyrrhines, have an active VNO system but it is reduced in size.
True
Catarrhine reproductive communication is visual. Males have features that communicate fully adult male social status and younger adult males may have delayed maturation fo these features. For many, not all, females anogenital swellings indicate sexual receptivity (estrous reproductive state).
True
Chordates have heads but vertebrates are the chordates with brains in their heads!
True
Ethnoarchaeological studies of chimp tool use should be consulted when reconstructing early human tool use behaviors. (1) Adult females engage in the behavior more frequently than adult males; (2) tool-use requires a lengthy period of learning; (3) juveniles learn from adults, mostly from their moms.
True
Exceptions to the single breeding female rule among communal breeding callitichines are seen at places with plentiful resources. Even in these cases, one breeding female is higher-ranking and her neonates are more likely to survive.
True
Following culling for biomedical research, Indian rhesus populations were fragmented and natural demographic numbers had been altered.
True
Galad moms reduce some of the energy costs of raising newborns by "nesting" their newborns while they forage. After feeding, moms can follow their own scent trails back to their babies.
True
Galagid urine-washing of hands allows VNO reproductive communication in a noyau social system.
True
Highland baboon social structure is comprise of numerous unimale-multifemale subunits within a large multimale-multifemale society which induceds peripheralize bachelor males intent upon building their own subunits. As a result, male tensions are high. Young females are removed from their natal groups by adult males intent on building unimale-multifemale subunits. As a results, group females have weak social bonds.
True
If diners knew about the conservation status and adorable face of crowned lemurs, they might think twice before eating them in luxury restaurants.
True
In India, loss of forest habitat had driven rhesus macaques into human habitats.
True
In India, rhesus macaques and sacred langurs are found in wild, agricultural, sacred and urban spaces.
True
In life history variables, in general, strepsirhines have shorter gestation, weaning, sexual maturity, and lifespans than haplorhines. However, in some variables they overlap with tarsiers and in others they overlap with anthropoid life history variables.
True
In some places, more than one flagship species should be used. For example, Madagascar has numerous microhabitats and multiple primates should be added as flagship species to the current ring-tailed lemur flagship.
True
In some respects, it would be fair to describe callitrichines as falling the r-selected plan of rodents. Even though multiple neonates are produced by the breeding female of each group, on average, only two infants survive to adulthood.
True
In the case of India's rhesus macaques, primate is an anthropological concern that can improve the lives of both the monkeys and the humans with whom they coexist.
True
In the case of macaque populations, conservation requires monkey management in urban areas in India and in other places such as the Philippines.
True
Macaque social versatility is a product of primate intelligence which, coupled with remarkable behavioral flexibility, allows members to live in diverse habitats and to use each other as social tools.
True
Mammalian forebrain enlargement is accomplished by elaboration of the ancient cerebrum -- the base vertebrate structure upon which the mammalian neocortex is later build. Initially the cerebrum processed nerve impulses, then the basal ganglia (a unit of nerve fibers at the base of the cerebrum) appeared. It could coordinate functions between brain structures involving motor control, experiential learning, eye movement, cognition, and emotion. Importantly, the basal ganglia subsidizes and supports decision making involving action and non-action.
True
Mittermeier argues that the best "flagship" species for saving the topical rainforest biome are primates.
True
Most baboon males engage in a yawning behavior that displays large adult male canines but geladas (who have the most impressive male canines) engage in lip-flipping. Such displays advertise maleness to the entire group but young adult males have smaller canine sizes. This may reduce the risk of attracting unwanted attention from prime adult males.
True
Normally sacred langurs from M:FF social groups. However, when population size becomes too large, sacred langurs adopt a social structure like that of highlands baboons -- numerous M:FF subunits within a large MM:FF troop. Unlike highland baboons, sacred langur males cannot control (kidnap, lure) female sacred langurs because they are born into lifetime matrilineal societies.
True
Once again tarsiers are intermediate in a set of characteristics -- this time, they concern reproductive anatomy. Like strepsirhines, tarsiers have a bicormuate uterus (not the simplex uterus of other haplorhines). Like anthropoids, tarsiers have a hemochorial placenta (not the epitheliochoral placenta of other prosimians).
True
Once again, we can see that sexual dimorphism is most broadly expressed in catarrhines.
True
One of the best stories about Hanuman, the Monkey God, is that he chased the sun across the sky everyday because he thought that it was ripened fruit!
True
Pheromone reproductive communication in primates requires direct contact.
True
Primate hands and independent digit control are correlated in a number of surfing ways to primate social behavior.
True
Savanna baboons female preference for mating with friendly males (the "friends with benefits" strategy) means that savanna baboon society is not entirely dependent on the results of male aggression.
True
Sight-oriented brains and tactile digits are associated with tool-use by both human and nonhuman primates!
True
Since female sacred langurs stay within their natal groups from birth to death, bachelor males must engage in group take-overs in order to replace an established sentry as the leader of a M:FF group. These events are violent and subadults sometime die due to proximity to their mothers or attraction to the excitement.
True
Southwick and Sidiqqi nicely demonstrate how, despite geographic breadth in distribution and high population numbers, rhesus monkeys are in trouble in India.
True
Tarsiers were once thought to be strictly noyau in social structure but now we recognize that some live in pair-bonded family groups.
True
Templed monkeys in India are provisioned and soon populations expand outside of the temples and into neighborhoods. Their population sizes can then expand beyond human tolerance.
True
Thanks to the lengthy juvenile development, social learning requirements, and loss of habitat .... primate conservation is not based on captive animal re-introduction.
True
The communal breeding system appears to have evolved to ensure that there are numerous alloparents available to contribute to the survival of one reproductive female's overall large neonates.
True
The highland baboon social system does closest to the baboon social behaviors described by Zuckerman. This makes sense, he studied Hamadryas baboons in captivity and his short time in the field only allowed limited observation of savanna baboons. The highland baboon social system is the exception among baboon societies most of which are not based on male-male aggression alone.
True
The human element is crucial to primate conservation -- local people can create local conservation success stories!
True
The life cycle of fever trees has an impact on vervet population numbers and the demise of the acacias can, at least temporarily, favor leopards.
True
The mammalian neocortex is involved in higher cerebral functions that are unique to each taxon. Intelligence is about being smart at what the species does adaptively.
True
The mammalian smell-brain drew the mammalian masticatory system to foods which could quickly be converted to fuel a body with a high metabolic rate.
True
The neocortex is unique to mammals and consists primarily of excitatory pyramidal cells and fewer inhibitory interneuran cells. The nerve cells interact with each other and other parts of the brain within and between horizontal layers of vertical columns of the neocortex.
True
The primate brain is intelligent and can be applied to solving problems with tools. It is also capable of employing social tools to enhance survival. The primary tool is a social brain and that brain can be used to manipulate others for social purposes.
True
The undulating folds on the surface of the neocortex expand surface areas. The more folds, the more surface area and the more gray matter -- gray matter in the neocortex is filled with nerve cells and unmyelinated fibers; it surrounds the white matter (myelinated nerve fibers) of the cerebrum.
True
To live well in a primate social group, an agile social intelligence allows manipulation of the social environment. Human social intelligence has expanded the range of primate social intelligence.
True
Tolerance of monkeys in India is a product of the traditional Hindu reverence of Hanuman -- monkeys are the personification of this god.
True
Traits associated with greater visual dependence than in non-primate mammals and with primate hand-to-mouth feeding are also correlated with aspects of primate reproductive communication.
True
Vervet reluctance to leave the Amboseli grassland habitat, even in the face of predator pressure, reflects a strong preference for the familiar.
True
We retain a primitive reptilian brain (that is more derived than a fish or amphibian brain) that provided the basis of a derived mammalian brain from which the. primate brain evolved. An important aspect of vertebrate brain evolution involved the enlargement of the cerebrum in reptiles which caused medial relocation of the basal ganglia.
True
When subadult sacred langurs are lost due to reproductive actions, it is the antithesis of adaptive behavior.
True
Whereas some view the accidental death of subadults during sacred langur take-over events as evidence in support of "infanticide" as a selective force, others view these relatively rare as a product of overpopulation under urbanized conditions.
True
MATCH - High extinction risk.
Vulnerable